فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 April 2024 18:14

٩١- درخصوص اندازهگیری‌ طول عمر موثر گلبولهای‌ قرمز خون به‌ کمک‌ کروم رادیواکتیو کدام گزینه‌ صحیح‌ است‌؟

الف‌) پایش‌ اندازه گیری‌ بقاء گلبولهای‌ قرمز با تزریق‌ مستقیم‌ 51Cr به‌ خون محیطی‌ از طریق‌ ورید سفالیک‌ انجام می‌شود.

ب) 51Cr به‌ مارپیچ‌ بتا در زنجیره آلفا وصل‌ شده و قسمت‌ اعظم‌ آن تا تخریب‌ کامل‌ گلبولهای‌ قرمز باقی‌ می‌ماند.

ج) پایش‌ رادیواکتیویته‌ 51Cr تا از بین‌ رفتن‌ ٥٠ درصد اکتیویته‌ زمان صفر ادامه‌ می‌یابد.

د) میران نرمال نیمه‌ عمر گلبولهای‌ قرمز با استفاده ار روش 51Cr حدود ٦٠ روز است‌.

گزینه ها در پائین 👇

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 20:13

Under conditions of acute stress, AVP and copeptin are secreted in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts, but copeptin is more suitable for laboratory analysis because of its greater stability. Following demonstration that copeptin is elevated following MI (Khan et al., 2007), studies suggested that copeptin measurement could improve early rule-out of NSTEMI compared with cTn alone (Reichlin et al., 2009; Ricci et al., 2016).
....
BOX 19.2:
Recommendations of a Joint Committee of the American Heart Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on CRP Testing to Assess CHD Risk.
.....
علت غلط بودن گزینه الف ) صفحه 275 داریم :
OTHER HEART FAILURE BIOMARKERS
Given the limited diagnostic power of BNP testing, there has been interest in developing additional markers and possibly pursuing a multimarker strategy for diagnosis and management of HF Two markers of current interest are Gal-3 (galectin-3) and ST-2 (suppressor of tumorigenicity 2) (Karayannis et al., 2013). Gal-3, first named “Mac-2” when it was discovered in mice (Ho & Springer, 1982), was later characterized as one of a family of lectins with an affinity for β-galactosides. Having a role in cell adhesion and other cellular processes, it is present in diverse tissues and elevated in many diseases
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 19:56

٨٩- یک‌ بیمار با دیابت‌ شدید در حالت‌ بیهوشی‌ به‌ اورژانس‌ بیمارستان ارجاع گردید و انـدازهگیـری‌ HbA1c انجـام شـد. نتایج‌ نشان داد که‌ میزان HbA1c= 5% می‌باشد. اگرچه‌ همراهان بیمار تصدیق‌ کردند که‌ وی‌ مبتلا به‌ دیابت‌ می‌باشد. آزمایش‌ مجددا تکرار شد ولی‌ نتایج‌ همچنان حاکی‌ از میزان HbA1c= 5% بود. همه‌ مـوارد زیـر بـا احتمـال بـالایی‌ می‌تواند دلیل‌ یافته‌ فوق باشد، بجز:

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 19:50

٨٨- بیماری‌ با دفع‌ پتاسـیم‌ ادراری‌ کمتـر از mEq/mg of creatinine 0.01 بـه‌ اورژانـس‌ بیمارسـتان ارجـاع داده شـد. آزمایشات تکمیلی‌ نشان داد که‌ آنیون گپ‌ ادراری‌ وی‌ mmol/24h 20 می‌باشد (آنیون گپ‌ نرمال در ادرار mmol/24h (40 است‌. محتمل‌ترین‌ دلیل‌ یافته‌های‌ فوق کدام است‌؟

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 February 2024 14:00

Bullous Pemphigoid
BP is the most common type of autoimmune bullous disorder, and it occurs most frequently in the elderly. Clinically, BP patients present with urticarial lesions and tense blisters on the trunk and extremities, with associated pruritus. Mucosal involvement is uncommon and is reported in 10% to 30% of BP patients (Baum et al., 2014). The Nikolsky sign is negative in BP. In BP, autoantibodies target the two hemidesmosomal proteins: bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAg1 [BP230]) and bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BPAg2 [BP180]). BPAg2, also known as type XVII collagen, is a transmembrane protein that is determined to be the target autoantigen for pathogenic autoantibodies in BP (Vassileva et al., 2014). In it is unclear if autoantibodies to BPAg1, a cytoplasmic plakin family protein, relate to the pathogenesis of BP (Schmidt & Zillikens, 2010). Complement activation is believed to follow autoantibody binding, causing the physical loss of adhesion between the basal cell layer and the basement membrane (Kershenovich ذet al., 2014).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 February 2024 13:52

53 : در صفحه 1037 از کتاب تکس 2022 داریم :
AUTOANTIBODY PROFILE IN SLE
The presence of a broad spectrum of autoantibodies is characteristic of SLE, such as antibodies to dsDNA, chromatin or nucleosomes, Sm antigen, U1nRNP, SS-A/Ro60, SS-B/La, C1q, ribosomal RNP, phospholipids and related proteins, and several other nonhistone protein or nonhistone protein-RNA complexes (Gomez-Puerta et al., 2008; Cervera, 2017; Pisetsky, 2017; Sarfaraz et al., 2018). Anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-C1q, and antiribosomal P are generally regarded as specific for SLE, but the prevalence of these autoantibodies varies widely depending on demographic variations, cohort composition (inception vs. cross sectional), and diagnostic assays used to detect the autoantibodies. Autoantibodies to dsDNA and chromatin are detectable in up to 90% of individuals with active disease (Mummert et al., 2018), and antibodies to C1q tend to segregate with SLE patients having glomerulonephritis
and active disease (Marto et al., 2005; Sinico et al., 2009) (Table
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 20:04

برای دیدن سوال و پاسخ تشریحی سوالات از ابتدا روی پین کانال بزنید .

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 17:51

سوال 49 :
TABLE 47.4
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 17:34

47 . در صفحه 942 میخوانیم :
STAGES OF STUDY: THE CONFIRMING STAGE
General Aspects Once the screening of the individual has been achieved and evidence of a potential immunodeficiency has been observed, initial findings should be confirmed by repeated tests. Minimally, a positive and a negative (normal range and abnormal range) test should be carried out. Additional tests sometimes may be added to the panel; this may provide the beginning phase of analytic studies. It is important to make appropriate arrangements to draw blood when the patient is in the most clinically stable state. Double baseline studies are recommended before intervention is undertaken, which can encompass the confirming phase. In some cases of apparent immunodeficiency, sequestration of immune cells is reflected in low percentages of T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment. The confirmation stage should also include a careful reevaluation of the patient’s medical history and family history. Studies that may be used at this confirming stage are shown in Box 46.3.
و 942 :
Skin Testing
The use of a skin test panel can be important at this point. This approach to cellular immune assessment originally served as the departure point for the development of the cellular immune functional tests because it measures delayed-type hypersensitivity directly in vivo. Experience with the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test has shown good overall correlation between lack of reactivity, termed anergy, and immunodeficiency (Deodhar, 1983; Maas et al., 1998), but it has not been useful as an analytic tool to dissect out the reason for lack of response. In addition, the skin test is not very quantifiable. Use of the purified protein derivative skin test to assess the possible presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an exception, although anergic individuals do not respond. In addition, false positives are seen in persons who have been vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (Huebner et al., 1993). The relative effectiveness of a standardized Candida albicans skin test product in children has been reported (Ohri et al., 2004). Reasons for lack of skin test response are shown in Box 46.4. Some studies have been based on a de novo immunization skin test using dinitrofluorobenzene. Although this once was used rather extensively, the approach is no longer considered useful because of ambiguities in the underlying mechanism of reaction. The introduction of the “skin window” test may ultimately provide a more quantitative and informative measure of in vivo immune response because the reaction can be used to test autologous tumor response (Black et al., 1988). However, despite some reservations, the importance of the skin test as a convincing demonstration that immune defects noted in vitro may have prognostic significance in vivo should not be underestimated.

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

14 February 2024 20:23

🎓برای شرکت درآزمون لیسانس به پزشکی وتهیه جزوات و اطلاع از منابع درکانال زیر عضو شوید👇👇🌺🌺
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 18:35

در صفحه 1342 میخوانیم :

The diagnosis is suggested on the basis of clinical presentation and history plus the use of radiography, CT scans, and ultrasonography. Serologic tests are very useful in confirming a diagnosis and usually involve a screening test such as EIA or IHA followed, if positive, by a confirmatory assay such as immunoblot or gel diffusion
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 17:59

در صفحه 1330 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
immediately to the clinical team (Sheorey et al., 2019).
Examination of duodenal aspirates or ▶️ string test specimens may be helpful in suspicious cases in which routine stool examinations are nonproductive, although they are not commonly used. The agar culture method (see Fig. 65.3) or one of the coproculture techniques (see the Laboratory Methods section earlier in the chapter) may also demonstrate the infection and provide highest sensitivity for detection of S. stercoralis from fecal specimens (Ash & Orihel, 2007; Garcia, 2016). Serologic tests are useful when infection is suspected but cannot be demonstrated by other methods; they are also useful for detecting evidence of prior infection. EIA and other tests display good sensitivity and specificity, although cross-reactions may appear with filariasis and some other nematode infections. These tests generally do not differentiate between past and current infection but may be useful in monitoring therapy (Wilkins & Nutman, 2015).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 17:50

در صفحه 1338 بخش انگل شناسی هنری 2022 میخوانیم :
Schistosoma intercalatum and S. guineensis
These species occur in parts of central and western Africa and produce intestinal schistosomiasis. Schistosoma guineensis (formerly the “Lower Guinea strain” of S. intercalatum) occurs generally in central and western Africa while S. intercalatum proper (formerly the Zaire strain) is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Eggs have a ▶️terminal spine, resembling those of S. haematobium, but they occur primarily in the feces and are larger (140–240 μm by 50–85 μm) (Webster et al., 2006).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 February 2024 11:32

در صفحه 1328 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم :
Although adult hookworms can be differentiated on the basis of their mouthparts and the copulatory bursa in males, eggs of human hookworms are indistinguishable. In direct wet mounts, egg counts of fewer than five eggs per coverslip denote light infection that is unlikely to result in anemia, whereas more than 25 eggs per coverslip denotes heavy infection that is likely to be associated with symptoms.

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 February 2024 11:25

پاسخ سوال 37 : در صفحه 1309 از کتاب تکس هنری 2022 داریم
.. . Babesia parasites multiply in erythrocytes by binary fission, producing morphologically indistinguishable trophozoites and gametes. Although trophozoites of many species may be highly variable in size and shape, those of B. microti usually appear as delicate ring forms that may be easily confused with those of malarial parasites, especially P. falciparum (see Fig. 65.6C) (Westblade et al., 2017). Babesia can be differentiated from those of malarial parasites by1️⃣ the presence of a tetrad (Maltese cross) formation of the merozoites and the absence of large ameboid trophozoites and morphologically distinguishable gametocytes; extracellular forms may be seen in heavy infections. Also, Babesia species usually have a heterogeneous appearance with round, oval, spindled, and “racket” forms coexisting on the same peripheral blood smear. Finally, Babesia-infected 2️⃣ cells lack hemozoin pigment, which is present in Plasmodium-infected cells. History of residence in or travel to endemic areas, or of a recent tick bite, might suggest Babesia infection. NAATs for Babesia species are available from the CDC on referral from state health departments and from some commercial laboratories. Serologic tests (e.g., IFA) may also be available but are generally not useful for detection of acute disease. However, they may be useful for screening blood donors in endemic settings. Serology tests for malaria are negative in babesiosis, although patients with malaria may cross-react in the Babesia serologies
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 20:19

سوالات بعدی پاسخ ۹۱ تا ۱۰۵ #خون_شناسی فلوشیپ ورودی 402 است 👇
برای دسترسی به اولین سوالات ازمون روی پین کانال کلیک کنید

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 20:01

89)
All HbA1c assays are affected by blood loss, blood transfusions, and conditions that affect the age or survival of red blood cells, such as
hemolysis, pregnancy, and the use of drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis (Little et al., 2019). Shortened red blood cell survival or lower mean age will lower HbA1c levels as a result of reduced exposure to plasma glucose. HbA1c assays vary in reliability in the presence of a variety of other factors. Interference by carbamylated hemoglobin can occur with uremia in some older methods, and salicylates can cause interference by acetylated species. Hemoglobinopathies (HbSS, HbSC, HbCC, HbD trait, HbE trait, elevated fetal hemoglobin HbF) can adversely affect accuracy in certain assays as can iron deficiency and hemodialysis (Tarim et al., 1999; Little et al., 2019). Vitamins C and E can falsely lower levels by inhibiting glycosylation, but vitamin C can also increase levels in some assays. Sample storage effects may occur. Hyperglycemia has been associated with a decrease in erythrocyte survival, suggesting that HbA1c levels in poorly controlled patients may underestimate their mean plasma glucose concentration (for an updated list, see
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

27 March 2024 19:55

88)
Diarrhea as the cause of metabolic acidosis is first suspected from history, but history is often misleading because the severity of diarrhea cannot be easily determined. The measurement of urine anion gap is useful in determining the severity of diarrhea. The urine anion gap, which is measured as urine (Na+ + K+) − urine Cl−, is reduced or negative when diarrhea is severe. The low urine anion gap in diarrhea is explained by the preferential loss of Na+ + K+ in excess of Cl− because diarrheal fluid contains more Na+ + K+ than Cl−, as some of these cations are balanced by bicarbonate and organic anions. In other types of metabolic acidosis, the urine anion gap is not altered as long as there is no extrarenal loss of electrolytes that are components of the urine anion gap (Oh & Carroll, 2002). Once extrarenal acidosis is excluded, renal acidosis is the only
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 February 2024 14:07

55.
IN VIVO TEST TECHNIQUES: SKIN TESTS AND END-ORGAN
CHALLENGE TESTS
In discussing the use of laboratory tests in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases, it is important to mention commonly used in vivo tests, particularly the skin prick test and end-organ challenge tests. In vivo tests are regarded by many allergy specialists in the United States as standards of diagnostic accuracy and reliability. The ability to reproduce a specific allergic reaction by in vivo challenge is considered the most highly predictive technique for demonstrating sensitization and for defining allergic reactivity to aeroallergens, venoms, and drugs. Despite this widely held opinion, the results of skin tests can be highly variable (McCann, 2002). Sources of variability include lack of standardization for the majority of diagnostic skin testing extracts, differences in the potency of allergen extracts available for testing, and differences in the techniques employed by different operators. Skin tests are performed by prick/puncture and intradermal injection methods (Demoly, 1998). The response to intradermal injection of an allergen extract is graded by measuring the diameter of the wheal and Skin tests also are performed by the prick method. Skin prick testing makes use of more concentrated allergen extracts, up to 1000-fold greater concentrations than are used for intradermal testing. A mean wheal diameter of 3 mm is commonly considered the threshold for a positive reaction. The wheal size provides an estimate of the degree of sensitization. A more quantitative estimate of sensitization can be obtained by the technique of endpoint titration. Serial, tenfold dilutions of allergen extract are used, beginning with the most dilute solution (Turkeltaub, 2000). The endpoint is defined as the greatest dilution that produces a 1+ reaction. End-organ challenge tests are useful both in the diagnosis and clinical management of the allergic patient. Adaptations include the bronchial provocation test in the evaluation of asthma; the double-blind, placebo-controlled food elimination and open food challenge test in the diagnosis of food allergy; and the rarely used sting challenge in the diagnosis of anaphylactic sensitivity to insect venom. Use of challenge tests in routine clinicalsituations is limited by the lack of well-standardized allergen extracts of defined potency and by the limited number of allergens that can be tested in an individual on a single occasion. As an example, double-blind food elimination and challenge procedures require periods of abstinence of several days between introduction of suspected foods (Sampson et al., 2012). Although generally regarded as the most reliable test for food allergy, the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge test is performed by relatively few practicing allergists.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

22 February 2024 13:56

٥٤- در خانمی‌ مسن‌ با ضایعات تاولی‌ که‌ تعداد و عملکرد لکوسیت‌های‌ او نرمال بوده و حساسیت‌ به‌ گلوتن‌ نـدارد، علامـت‌_ Nikolskyمنفی‌ است‌. در گزارش هیستوپاتولوژیک‌ ضایعات پوست‌، به‌ جدا شدن غشای‌ پایه‌ از لایه‌ی‌ سلولهای‌ بازال اپی‌تلیوم اشاره شده است‌. در بررسی‌ های‌ ایمونولوژیک‌، بالا بودن تیتر آنتی‌بادی‌ علیـه‌ کـلاژن XVII و منفـی‌ بـودن آنتی‌بادی‌ علیه‌ Dsg1 و Dsg3 و لامینین‌ ملاحظه‌ شده است‌. کدام تشخیص‌ در مورد او محتمل‌تر است‌؟ (گزینه ها در ادامه) 👇

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

19 February 2024 17:33

۵۱‌
THE MANNAN-BINDING
LECTIN PATHWAY
The third pathway for complement activation is the mannose-binding lectin or mannose-binding protein, known as the MBL pathway. This pathway uses its namesake protein to activate the cascade; the binding lectin has a typical serum concentration of 1.5 μg/mL. It is produced by the liver and belongs to a group of molecules called collectins (Epstein et al., 1996; Turner, 1996). Other notable members of the collectin family include lung surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D), bovine conglutinin, bovine CL-43, and ficolins (Epstein et al., 1996; Thiel, 2007). Lectins are found in a variety of organisms, including all mammals and some birds. MBL and ficolins are described as complement-activating soluble pattern recognition molecules, meaning that they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the exterior of microbes. After they bind with their specified PAMPs, they undergo a structural change so that they canthen interact with a group of three associated proteins that will trigger the complement cascade. These proteins are the MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3) (Thiel, 2007).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 18:16

۵۰. در صفحه 960 داریم :
Polyclonal Immunoglobulins
Polyclonal increases in immunoglobulins have been associated with many disease states (Table 47.6) (Cushman & Grieco, 1973; Buckley, 1977). Serum protein electrophoresis is often sufficient to establish this condition. Immunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation, and determination of individual immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin light chains may be helpful at times to confirm a polyclonal distribution or an increased concentration in one or more immunoglobulin classes. Increases in serum immunoglobulins may result from decreased catabolism and increased synthesis. The control mechanisms for these events are not well understood. The implications of elevated immunoglobulins are unknown. Most immunoglobulins appear not to be directed toward a definable specific antigenic determinant or set of specific antigenic determin nts. It should also be noted that most autoantibodies are not monoclonal but rather are polyclonal. In general, persistent polyclonal increases in gammaglobulin are thought to be related to antigenic stimulation of a chronic nature or loss of immunoglobulin regulation.

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پاسخ تشریحی آزمون ۴۰۲ ورودی فلوشیپ علوم آزمایشگاهی

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 17:46

48 در صفحه 945 از کتاب تکس داریم:
Transfused 51Cr-labeled cells, especially red blood cells, have been used since the early 1950s to study cellular in vivo distribution and kinetics. In the early to mid-1960s, Goodman (1961), Sanderson (1964), and Wigzell (1965) independently described the use of 51Cr-labeled mouse tumor of lymph node cells to study antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Since that time, the chromium release assay has become the standard technique for the measurement of complement-or cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the chromium release assay for cytotoxic T-cell activity, the
binding of CTLs to infected 51Cr-labeled target cells with virus peptide on syngeneic class I MHC induces apoptosis with the proportional release of 51Cr into the supernatant (Fig. 46.9) (Burleson et al., 2018; Levin et al., 1978; van der Haar Avila et al., 2019). Alternatives for the chromium release assay were developed because of its disadvantages, including its relatively limited sensitivity and use of a radioisotope. The most widely employedalternative techniques include flow cytometry, imaging cytometry, chemiluminescence, and variations of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Fassy et al., 2017; La Muraglia et al., 2015; Rossignol et al., 2017).
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

16 February 2024 17:19

پاسخ سال 46 : در صفحه 931 داریم :
Understanding the pathways leading to T-cell activation has led to the discovery of molecular defects in several acquired immunodeficiency diseases and may ultimately help provide therapeutic strategies to correct these deficiencies (Milner & Holland, 2013; Ochs & Hagin, 2014; Rosen, 2000). For example, mutations in the PTK ZAP-70 have been reported and are associated with the autosomal form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in humans (Elder, 1998). Mutations in the common γ chain of the interleukin receptors IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 lead to transduction abnormalities and are associated with the X-linked form of SCID (Noguchi et al., 1993). It is interesting to note that another form of autosomally inherited SCID is associated with mutations in the downstream Janus family protein tyrosine Jak3, the only signaling molecule associated with the common γ chain .
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 19:05

سوالات بعدی شامل ایمنی از 46 تا 60 می شود :

فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 18:04

سوال 44 :
در صفحه 1339 از تکس داریم :
In most areas, microfilariae circulate in peripheral blood with a nocturnal periodicity that corresponds with feeding activities of the usual vectors—Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles mosquitoes. Of note, infections originating in the South Pacific may be without periodicity, or subperiodic. The microfilariae are sheathed, although this may not always be obvious with Giemsa staining, in which the sheath may appear only as a negative outline. However, a hematoxylin stain will stain the sheath and allow for its ready identification (Mathison et al., 2019). The tail is pointed, and no nuclei are present in the tip. The cephalic space is not as long as it is wide, and the nuclei in the nuclear column are distinct (Figs. 65.22B and 65.23). Concentration procedures may be necessary for recovery because microfilariae may be present in small numbers.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

13 February 2024 17:55

در صفحه 1343 داریم :
Echinococcus vogeli produces a polycystic hydatid cyst in humans that is invasive but, unlike E. multilocularis, produces both brood capsules and protoscoleces. The disease is limited to▶️ Latin America, where rodents, specifically the paca, and bush dogs complete the life cycle (D’Alessandro et al., 1979). Polycystic hydatid disease in South America may also be caused by E. oligarthrus, a parasite of felids and rodents. This species is similar morphologically to E. vogeli and cases have been misidentified (D’Alessandro et al., 1995). Treatment is not well defined for infection with these species.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 February 2024 11:34

Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum is a common tapeworm of dogs and cats in most parts of the world that not infrequently infects humans, especially children Detection is based on the finding of characteristic eggs, egg packets, or proglottids in the feces. The proglottids are rather hardy and are usually passed intact. As such, eggs or egg packets are less commonly detected in O&P examinations but can usually be expressed from proglottids in the laboratory. Spherical eggs, each containing a six-hooked embryo, measure from 24 to 40 μm in diameter and occur singly or in packets (Fig. 64.18D). The scolex is somewhat elongate, with four suckers and a small, retractable rostellum. Proglottids are barrel shaped and possess two genital pores, one on each lateral margin, which give rise to the common name double-pored tapeworm (see Fig. 65.19). They are commonly likened to a “grain of rice” or “cucumber seed” when seen intact in stool (Fig. 65.18G). Because they are often motile when passed, they are commonly noted by the child’s caregiver.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 February 2024 11:28

در صفحه 1303 از کتاب تکس 2022 داریم :
Therapy and prophylaxis of malaria have become highly complex topics because of the widespread appearance of resistance by P. falciparum to chloroquine and other antimalarials and, to a lesser extent, resistance by P. vivax to chloroquine. Artemisinin combination therapy is now recognized as the preferred treatment by the WHO for treatment of P. falciparum infection and chloroquine-resistant P. vivax infection (WHO, 2018). Persons with P. vivax or P. ovale malaria should receive treatment with primaquine phosphate or tafenoquine in addition to standard primary treatment in order to eradicate hepatic hypnozoites and to prevent relapse. Use of primaquine or tafenoquine may be dangerous in patients who have G6PD deficiency.
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فلوشیپ یا دوره تکمیلی علوم آزمایشگاهی

09 February 2024 11:10

در صفحه 1347 میخوانیم :

Bed Bugs and Kissing Bugs
...
Kissing bugs (Triatoma, Rhodnius, Panstrongylus) have a cone-shaped head on a narrow neck and an abdomen that is widened in the middle. These insects are black or brown, and some have orange and black markings on the abdomen. They average 1 to 3 cm in length and, unlike bedbugs, have well-developed wings for flight. Similar to bedbugs, kissing bugs are relatively painless feeders on vertebrates and produce similar skin reactions. In Mexico and Central and South America, they transmit the agent of Chagas disease, T. cruzi, in the feces, which is secondarily inoculated into the skin by the human host while scratching (