🔆Valley of Kashmir Neolithic Sites and their Characteristics
✅ Burzahom, an important site of this culture, provides evidence for the Megalithic and Early Historic Periods.
✅ People lived in pit dwellings to escape the cold weather. The houses were oval in shape, wide at the bottom and narrow at the top.
✅ They used bone & stone tools. There was evidence of menhirs (standing stone) and the use of redware pottery
and metal objects. They used copper arrowheads.
✅ The people practised agriculture and domesticated animals.
✅ Seeds of wheat, barley, common pea and lentil have been recovered from the excavations. The use of lentil suggests that they had contacts with Central Asia.
✅ They were contemporary to Harappa civilization and traded with them.
✅ Two phases of Neolithic culture have been identified. They are termed aceramic and ceramic phases. Aceramic phase did not have evidence of ceramics. The ceramic phase shows evidence of pottery.
✅ They also used black ware pottery, beads of agate and carnelian and painted pottery.
✅ A burial site produced wild dog bone and antler horn. An engraving of a hunting scene is depicted on a stone with dog and sun.
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📍Hiatorical artefacts is discovered inside a dug-up pavement in goa
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@upsc_prep_squad
What is Pachisi? Ancient Indian board game Mughal emperor Akbar enjoyed
http://bit.ly/3kcPMPz
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Categories of Land gifted during chola dynasty
Ibn Batuta
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
🔆The Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951
Organizations
Al-Biruni
✅Birth - 973, Khwarism Afg. (Invaded by Sultan Mahmud in 1017)
✅11th Cent, from Ghazni to India
✅Book - Kitab-ul-Hind (in Arabic about India)
✅Languages - Arabic, Syriac, Persian, Hebrew, Sanskrit
✅Wrote about in his book - Religion, festivals, philosophy, astrology, manners and customs , social life, weights and measures, iconography, laws and meteorology.
✅Translated Panini's grammar from Sanskrit to Arabic and work of Elucid (a Greek mathematician) into Sanskrit.
UPSC Official Calendar 2025
CSE Prelims on 25/05/25
CS Mains from 22/08/25
https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Calendar-Year-2025-engl-250424.pdf
🔆Panhala Fort
✅The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Mumbai Circle celebrated World Heritage Day on at Panhala Fort.
✅It is located in Maharashtra and occupies a prime place in the history of this state. Locally, the site was known as the abode of serpents and traditionally associated with the sage Parashar.
✅It is strategically placed in proximity to the trade routes connecting the Sahyadri mountains, the Deccan plateau, and the Konkan coast, the fort became centre of interest for several dynasties.
✅The antiquity of the fort goes back to the Shilahara dynasty ruler Bhoja of 11th century CE.
✅The fort, as evidenced by the different structures, reflects the transfer of power in the hands of the Yadavas of Devgiri, the Bahamani of Bidar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur, the Marathas and the Mughals.
📍Features:
✅Its structures include a three-storied tower called the Nayikinicha Sajja or the dancing girl’s tower, built during the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in 1000 A.H. 1591 C.E., that is endowed with delicate stucco mouldings in the interior.
✅Ambarkhana: It is situated in the centre of the fort is the which consists of 3 buildings known as the Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati. It has sixteen bays each with its own flat vault with a hole on top.
✅Another granary is situated to its west called Dharma Kothi. It has a single staircase leading to its top.
✅Sajja Kothi is a double storied structure with upper gallery occupying the prominent and highest position on the hill and dated to the reign of Bijapur King Ibrahim Adilshah A.H. 1016 (1607-08 CE).
Which of the following kings belong to the period of later Cholas?
1. Rajaraja I
2. Rajendra I
3. Karikalan
4. Kulothungan
5. Perunarkilli
🔆Fort Emmanuel:
✅It is a ruined fort located at Fort Kochi Beach in Kochi, Kerala.
✅It was originally built in 1503 and reinforced in 1538.
✅It was a symbol of the strategic alliance
between the Maharajah of Kochi and the Monarch of Portugal, after whom it was named.
✅It was a massive structure, and the entire township was within its confines.
✅It greatly helped in strengthening the Portuguese occupation of the area.
✅Fort Kochi remained
in Portuguese possession until 1683, when the Dutch colonial troops captured the territory and destroyed the Portuguese institutions.
✅The Dutch held the fort in their possession until 1795, when the British took control by defeating the Dutch.
✅By 1806, the Dutch, and later the British, had destroyed most of the fort walls and its bastions.
✅Foreign control of Fort Kochi ended in 1947 with Indian independence.
✅Now only the remains of this fort exist, reminding us of its historic significance.
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#History
#prelims
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🔆Hindustan Republican Association
🔆Paintings Indulekha, by Raja Ravi Verma in news
✅The first true copy of the painting Indulekha by Raja Ravi Varma will be unveiled at the Kilimanoor Palace, Kerala, where the eminent artist was born in 1848, on the occasion of his 176th birth anniversary celebrations.
📍Raja Ravi Varma:
✅He was an Indian painter and artist.
✅He is considered one of the greatest painters in the history of Indian art.
✅He was born as Ravi VarmaKoil Thampuran of Kilimanoor palace, in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithankur) in Kerala.
✅He is known for his amazing paintings, which revolve mainly around the Puranas (ancient mythological stories) and the great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
✅In addition to incidents in Hindu mythology, Varma painted many portraits of both Indians and British in India.
✅His most famous works include Damayanti Talking to a Swan, Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, and Shantanu and Matsyagandha
#gs1
#art_and_culture
▪️INDIAN LITERATURE:
✅Rig Veda: Prayers of God
✅Sam Veda: Songs, 1st book of music,
✅Yajur Veda: Ritual processes
✅Atharva Veda: not written by Aryans; book on magic
✅Brahmans: Explanations of Vedas
✅Aranyaks: Forest books,
✅Upanishads: Metaphysical;
✅Puranas: Stories of kings
✅Epics: Ramayana, Mahabharata
✅Plays: by Kalidas etc.
▪️FOREIGN ITERATURE:
✅Magasthenes(G): Indica
Valuable information on Admin and socio-economic conditions of Mauryas.
✅Ptolemy(G): Geography of India
Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD
✅Pliny(G): Naturakus Historia
Accounts trade relations between Rome and India in 1st Century AD
✅Anonymous(G) :Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
Records personal voyage of Indian coasts in 80 A.D.
✅Fa-Hien(C): Record of the Buddhist Countries
Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th Century AD
✅Hiuen Tsang(C): Buddhist Records of the Western World
Describes the social, economic and religious conditions of India in the 5th and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)
✅I-tsing(C) : A record of the Buddhists religion as practiced in India and Malay Archipelago.
Studies the Gupta period under Sri Gupta in the 7th Century AD.
✅Hwuili(C): Life of Hiuen Tsang
Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in India.
▪️Other:
✅ Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period, Chanakya-Chandragupta story
✅Dipavamsa n Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri Lanka, Ashoka spread
✅ Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread
#ancient_history
#prelims
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🔆Marco Polo
✅Visited India twice in the Kakatiya court (queen Rudramadevi) between 1287-88 & 1288-89.
✅Travelled as a merchant via sea route.
✅Specially visited South India.
Wrote about the social- political and economical culture of India, betel leaf, rice crop, Devdasi system in temples of South India, lion clothes etc.
✅Book - The travels of Marco Polo
With reference to the Swarajists, consider the following statements:
1. The differences over the question of council entry led to the formation of Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party.
2. Mahatma Gandhi strongly opposed the Swarajists proposal of council entry.
3. The government strategy of dividing the Swarajists from the moderate was successful.
🔆Evolution of Education Policy
✅ University Education Commission (1948-49)
✅Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)
✅ Education Commission (1964-66) under Dr. D.S. Kothari
✅National Policy on Education, 1968
✅42nd Constitutional Amendment,1976-Education in Concurrent List
✅National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986
✅NPE 1986 Modified in 1992 (Program of Action, 1992)
✅ T.S.R. Subramaniam Committee Report (27 May, 2016)
✅Dr. K. Kasturirangan Committee Report (31 May, 2019)
✅New Education Policy 2020
#Prelim
#modern_history
#Education
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Why Genghis Khan, Muhammad Ghori and Babur came to Indian subcontinent? A new study pegs it on good monsoons, thriving agriculture | India News - The Indian Express
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/genghis-khan-muhammad-ghori-babur-indian-subcontinent-monsoons-agriculture-9275858/lite/
🔆Morodharo
✅Archaeologists recently discovered a Harappan-era fortified settlement named Morodharo.
✅It is a fortified settlement dating back to the Harappan era.
✅Location: Kutch District, Gujarat
📍Features:
✅The settlement looks mature (2,600-1,900 BCE) to late (1,900-1,300 BCE) Harappan.
✅The fortification measures 102 m east to the west and 58 m north to the south.
✅The thickness of the wall is an average of 3.3 m.
✅It has a 10x10 m platform on the south-west side and a well on the north-east.
✅Burial cairns, which are mounds of stones to demarcate a boundary, are also found here.
✅Harappan pottery with perforated jar sherds, reserved slipware, and terracotta cakes were unearthed. All these items have a striking resemblance to those found in Dholavira.
🔆PM inaugurates 2550th Bhagwan Mahaveer Nirvan Mahotsav on occasion of Mahaveer Jayanti
Bhagwan Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankar, illuminated the path of peaceful co-existence and universal brotherhood through Jain principles like Ahimsa (Non-Violence), Satya (Truthfulness), Asteya (Non-Stealing), Brahmacharya (Chastity) and Aparigraha (Non-attachment).
Jains celebrate five Kalyanak’s (major events) of every Tirthankar including Mahavir Swami Ji: Chyavana/Garbha (Conception) Kalyanak; Janma (Birth) Kalyanak; Diksha (Renunciation) Kalyanak; Kevaljnana (Omniscience) Kalyanak and Nirvana (Liberation/Ultimate Salvation) Kalyanak.
21st April 2024 is the Janma Kalyanak of Bhagwan Mahavir Swami and the Government is commemorating the occasion with the Jain community by organizing a cultural programme in Bharat Mandapam along with Saints from the Jain community gracing the occasion and blessing the congregation.
#gs1
#History
#prelims
#pib
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🔆Bhojshala-Kamal Maula complex dispute
The Bhojshala-Kamal Maula complex, revered as both a temple and a mosque by Hindus and Muslims respectively, has been at the center of contention, with claims of it being originally a temple destroyed to build a mosque during Alauddin Khalji's reign
An arrangement since 2003 allowed Hindus to perform puja on Tuesdays and Muslims to offer namaaz on Fridays, maintaining peace until recent legal challenges stirred controversies again.
Historical surveys and claims by various groups have added layers to the dispute, with the ASI's records from 1902 and British-era investigations presenting conflicting interpretations of the site's origins and use.
#gs1
#art_and_culture
#gs2
#polity_governance
@upsc_polity_governance
@upsc_the_hindu_ie_editorial
🔆Evolution of Civil services in India:
1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .
2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
A. Fort William college for new recruits
B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
C. East India College at Haileybury in England
3. 1853- Open competition
4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify
5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)
6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
C. Raising Age limit to 23
7. Montford Reforms 1919:
A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%
8. Lee Commission 1924:
A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)
9. GoI Act, 1935:
A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission
#ModernIndia
#prelims
#mains
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