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UPSC Notes
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List of local winds along with their nature and the regions where they are commonly found: @SecureIAS
1. Fohn: Warm wind found in the Alps.
2. Chinook (Snow Eaters): Warm wind found in the Rockies.
3. KaBaisakhi: Warm wind found in North India.
4. Berg: Warm wind found in South Africa.
5. Zonda: Warm wind found in the Andes.
6. Loo: Warm wind found in the Indian subcontinent.
7. Santa Ana: Warm wind found along the coastal regions of the continents.
8. Southerly: Cold wind found in Southern California and New South Wales.
9. Burster Khamsin: Warm wind found in Egypt.
10. Harmattan: Warm wind found along the Guinea Coast.
11. Mistral: Cold wind found in Southeast France.
12. Puna: Cold wind found in the Andes.
13. Pampero: Cold wind found in South America.
14. Simoon: Warm wind found in the Arabian Peninsula.
15. Haboob: Warm wind found in Sudan.
16. Nor wester: Warm wind found in New Zealand. @SecureIAS
17. Bora: Cold wind found in Northern Italy.
18. Blizzard: Cold wind found in Canada and the USA.
19. Sirocco: Warm wind found from the Sahara to the Mediterranean Sea.
These local winds are influenced by specific geographical features, temperature differences, and pressure conditions in their respective regions.
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Constitution is a living document, an instrument which makes the government system work. Its flexibility lies in its amendments. @CSEUPSCNOTES
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Digital Rupee :Digital currency will also lead to a more efficient and cheaper currency management system.
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Answer: A) Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary)
Explanation: Keoladeo National Park, also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, is a Ramsar Wetland and is famous for hosting a wide variety of migratory birds, including flamingos, making it an important destination for birdwatching and conservation.
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Modern Indian History
Quick Revision Noted History
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Important coral reefs in India by @SecureIAS
1. Gulf of Kutch Coral Reef
- Location: Gujarat, Arabian Sea
- Importance: This is one of the least explored coral reefs in India and is home to diverse marine life, including corals, sponges, and various fish species. It is a potential area for marine conservation efforts.
2. Gulf of Mannar Coral Reef
- Location: Tamil Nadu, Palk Strait
- Importance: The Gulf of Mannar is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a vital marine ecosystem. It supports over 3,600 species of flora and fauna, including several endangered species like the dugong and various types of corals.
3. Netrani Island Coral Reef
- Location: Karnataka, Arabian Sea
- Importance: Netrani Island is a popular diving destination, known for its beautiful coral reefs and rich marine life, including various species of fish and sea turtles.
4. Lakshadweep Coral Reefs
- Location: Union Territory of Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea
- Importance: The coral reefs of Lakshadweep are diverse and vital for the livelihoods of local communities. They support a variety of marine life, including coral species, fish, and turtles. Marine protected areas have been established here to conserve these ecosystems.
5. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Coral Reefs
- Location: Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal
- Importance: The coral reefs surrounding the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are among the most biodiverse in the world. They are home to a wide range of coral species, fish, and other marine life. Popular diving spots like Havelock Island and Neil Island attract tourists from around the globe.
6. Pamban Island Coral Reef
- Location: Tamil Nadu, Gulf of Mannar
- Importance: Located near Rameswaram, Pamban Island is known for its diverse coral reefs. It supports marine life and contributes to the livelihoods of local fishing communities.
7. St. Mary's Island Coral Reef
- Location: Karnataka, Arabian Sea
- Importance: St. Mary's Island, near Udupi, is famous for its unique hexagonal basalt rock formations and the coral reefs that surround it. The island is a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty.
These coral reefs are not only important for marine biodiversity but also for the livelihoods of coastal communities and tourism. They face threats from climate change, pollution, and unsustainable fishing practices, making conservation efforts crucial to protect these fragile ecosystems. @SecureIAS
List of some of the important national parks in India, along with their locations and significance: @SecureIAS
1. Kaziranga National Park
- Location: Assam
- Importance: Famous for its population of Indian one-horned rhinoceroses and a variety of other wildlife, including tigers, elephants, and water buffalo. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2. Ranthambore National Park
- Location: Rajasthan
- Importance: Known for its population of Bengal tigers and its historic Ranthambore Fort. It is a popular destination for wildlife photography and tiger safaris.
3. Jim Corbett National Park
- Location: Uttarakhand
- Importance: India's first national park, established to protect Bengal tigers. It's also home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna and offers opportunities for wildlife safaris.
4. Bandipur National Park
- Location: Karnataka
- Importance: Part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, known for its population of tigers, elephants, and diverse bird species. It's an important conservation area in South India.
5. Sundarbans National Park
- Location: West Bengal
- Importance: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world. It's home to the Bengal tiger, saltwater crocodile, and various bird species.
6. Periyar National Park
- Location: Kerala
- Importance: Located in the Western Ghats, it's known for its scenic beauty and wildlife, including elephants, tigers, and numerous bird species. The park surrounds the picturesque Periyar Lake.
7. Manas National Park
- Location: Assam
- Importance: A UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Project Tiger reserve, Manas is known for its diverse wildlife, including tigers, elephants, Indian rhinoceroses, and the endangered golden langur.
8. Hemis National Park
- Location: Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir
- Importance: Home to the rare and elusive snow leopard, Hemis is the largest national park in India and offers unique opportunities for wildlife enthusiasts and trekkers.
9. Valley of Flowers National Park
- Location: Uttarakhand
- Importance: Renowned for its vibrant alpine meadows and diverse flora, including numerous species of wildflowers. It's a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
10. Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary)
- Location: Rajasthan
- Importance: A famous bird sanctuary, it's a critical wintering and breeding ground for various bird species, including migratory waterfowl.
11. Great Himalayan National Park
- Location: Himachal Pradesh
- Importance: Known for its diverse biodiversity and pristine landscapes, this national park is part of the Western Himalayan sub-region and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
12. Dudhwa National Park @SecureIAS
- Location: Uttar Pradesh
- Importance: Known for its swamp deer population (barasingha) and the Bengal tiger, Dudhwa is an important conservation area in the Terai region.
They play a crucial role in preserving India's biodiversity and providing opportunities for wildlife conservation and eco-tourism.
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Ambergris is a waxy substance that originates as a secretion in the intestines of #spermwhales. It is a rare and highly sought-after material in the fragrance industry due to its unique and long-lasting fragrance-fixing properties. @SecureIAS
The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest toothed whale and one of the largest predators on Earth.
Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layers. it will help reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century
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UPSC Topper #Essay
Rank 1
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Power point presentation (converted to pdf) that I used in my topper talks
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Math is FUN
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Shruti-Sharma-AIR - 1 2021
Answer copy
UPSC CSE Topper Rank 1
Economic Survey is the flagship annual document of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India (GOI) which
reviews the developments in the Indian economy in the previous financial year, summarizes the performance on
major development programmes, and highlights the policy initiatives of the government and the prospects of the
economy in the short to medium term. @CSEUPSCNOTES
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World Heritage Sites In India
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List of important bird sanctuaries in India, along with their locations and significance: by @SecureIAS
1. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park)
- Location: Rajasthan
- Importance: A UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Ramsar Wetland, known for hosting thousands of migratory birds during the winter season, including the Siberian crane.
2. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Haryana
- Importance: A popular birding destination near Delhi, known for its diverse birdlife, especially during the winter months.
3. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Goa
- Importance: Named after the renowned ornithologist Salim Ali, this sanctuary is a haven for birdwatchers and hosts a variety of bird species.
4. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Karnataka
- Importance: Situated along the Kaveri River, it is famous for its nesting colonies of painted storks, spoonbills, and other waterbirds.
5. Chilika Lake Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Odisha
- Importance: Located within the Chilika Lake, it is a significant habitat for migratory birds, including flamingos, during the winter season.
6. Sundarbans Bird Sanctuary
- Location: West Bengal
- Importance: Part of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, it provides a habitat for various bird species, including the endangered masked finfoot.
7. Bhigwan Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Maharashtra
- Importance: Known for hosting migratory birds like flamingos and various waders, especially during the winter months.
8. Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Kerala
- Importance: A prime birding destination in the Western Ghats, home to a diverse range of bird species, including the Malabar grey hornbill.
9. Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Gujarat
- Importance: A vital wetland habitat for migratory birds, especially flamingos, during the winter season.
10. Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Kerala
- Importance: Situated on the Vembanad Lake, it is known for its backwater ecosystem and bird diversity, including waterfowl and migratory species.
11. Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
- Importance: Located at the Pulicat Lake, it is a haven for various bird species, including flamingos, pelicans, and waders.
12. Mayani Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Maharashtra
- Importance: A crucial stopover for migratory birds, it hosts a wide range of waterfowl during the winter season.
13. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
- Location: Tamil Nadu
- Importance: One of the oldest bird sanctuaries in India, it provides a sanctuary for a variety of waterbirds and waders.
These bird sanctuaries are essential for the conservation of avian biodiversity, bird habitats and offer great opportunities for birdwatching and ecotourism. Join @SecureIAS
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#Mapping
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India is home to numerous mountain passes, many of which are strategically important due to their location in the Himalayan and other mountain ranges. Here is a list of some major passes in India,
1. Rohtang Pass
- Location: Himachal Pradesh (between Kullu and Lahaul Valley)
- Importance: Connects Kullu Valley with Lahaul and Spiti Valleys, providing access to Leh and Ladakh.
2. Zoji La
- Location: Jammu and Kashmir (between Srinagar and Leh)
- Importance: Vital link between Srinagar and Ladakh. Remains closed during winter due to heavy snowfall.
3. Nathu La
- Location: Sikkim (India-China border)
- Importance: Historic trade route with Tibet; currently serves as a border crossing point for limited trade between India and China.
4. Khardung La
- Location: Ladakh
- Importance: Often considered the world's highest motorable pass; provides access to the Nubra Valley and Siachen Glacier region.
5. Mana Pass
- Location: Uttarakhand (near the India-China border)
- Importance: Connects India with Tibet; historically significant for trade and pilgrimage to the sacred Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar.
6. Nathuakhan
- Location: Himachal Pradesh (on the India-China border)
- Importance: Key border pass in the western Himalayas, important for strategic reasons.
7. Shipki La
- Location: Himachal Pradesh (on the India-China border)
- Importance: Another important border pass connecting India with Tibet, known for trade activities.
8. Jelep La
- Location: Sikkim (India-China border)
- Importance: Historic trade route to Tibet; now a part of the Silk Route.
9. Bomdila Pass
- Location: Arunachal Pradesh (on the India-China border)
- Importance: Vital for the defense of India's northeastern regions.
10. Banihal Pass
- Location: Jammu and Kashmir (between Jammu and Srinagar)
- Importance: Connects the Kashmir Valley with the rest of India, essential for transportation and trade.
11. Thalaiya Sagar Pass
- Location: Uttarakhand (in the Garhwal Himalayas)
- Importance: Part of the Char Dham Yatra pilgrimage route.
12. Marsimik La
- Location: Ladakh (near the India-China border)
- Importance: One of the highest motorable passes in the world, used by the Indian Army for access to border areas.
These passes play a crucial role in transportation, trade, tourism, and defense in the respective regions of India where they are located. @CSEUPSCNotes
Ministry of Power is establishing a National Mission on Biomass in thermal power plants.
Aims: to address air pollution from farm stubble-burning and reduce carbon footprint in thermal power generation.
Supports India's energy transition towards cleaner sources.
Objectives include increasing co-firing of biomass (from 5%), conducting R&D on boiler design, improving biomass supply chain, and addressing regulatory issues in biomass co-firing.
Green Bonds :
It is a debt security issued by an organization for the purpose of financing or refinancing projects that contribute positively to the environment and/or climate.
A green bond is alternatively known as a climate bond.
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PSIR Optional- trends (indicative only).
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International Relations
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