208939
UPSC Notes
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer (using codes given below the lists) [1995]
List-I (Eras) List-II (Reckoned from)
A. Vikrama era 1. 3102 B.C.
B. Saka era 2. 320 A.D.
C. Gupta era 3. 78 A.D.
D. Kali era 4. 58 B.C.
5. 248 A.D.
The inaugural International Day of Zero Waste was celebrated on March 30, 2023. This significant day is dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of reducing waste, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainable practices. It serves as a global reminder of our collective responsibility to adopt more eco-friendly lifestyles, reduce consumption, recycle, reuse, and make conscious choices to mitigate the environmental challenges posed by excessive waste generation. The International Day of Zero Waste encourages individuals, communities, and nations to take action towards a more sustainable and waste-free future.
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The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill of 2023 aims to bring about several changes and clarifications to the existing legislation. Its objectives include:
1. Removing Ambiguity: The bill seeks to eliminate any uncertainty or ambiguity in the application of the provisions of the existing Forest (Conservation) Act. This clarification can help in better implementation and enforcement of the law.
2. Increasing Forest Carbon Stock: One of the goals of the bill is to enhance forest carbon stock. This involves increasing the number of trees and forests through plantations and improved forest conservation practices. This is significant in the context of mitigating climate change as forests act as carbon sinks.
3. Unlocking Land for Development: The bill aims to free up land that is currently categorized as unrecorded forests. By doing so, it can make more land available for various development projects. This move is seen as a way to balance the need for economic development with environmental conservation.
4. Compensatory Afforestation: Additionally, the bill intends to facilitate compensatory afforestation. When land is used for development, it often involves cutting down trees. Developers are legally obligated to compensate for this loss by afforesting or reforesting an equivalent area. The bill may provide mechanisms to streamline and enforce this process.
Overall, the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill of 2023 aims to strike a balance between conservation efforts, carbon sequestration, and land use for development while ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
The Pushkaralu festival, occurring every 12 years, is a major Hindu event celebrated mainly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Key aspects include: @SecureIAS
1. Holy River Bath: Devotees take a sacred dip, believing it cleanses them spiritually.
2. Religious Significance: It marks Jupiter's entry into a zodiac sign of a specific river, enhancing its spiritual significance.
3. Spiritual Activities: Pujas, offerings, and blessings from priests and sadhus are common.
4. Cultural Celebrations: Processions, folk arts, music, dance, and traditional crafts are celebrated.
5. Temporary Fairgrounds: Special venues host food stalls, entertainment, and merchandise vendors.
6. Security and Environmental Awareness: Measures ensure safety and eco-friendly practices.
Pushkaralu unites people in faith, culture, and environmental stewardship along the sacred riverbanks.
"It doesn't matter how many 'resources' you have. If you don't know how to use them, it will never be enough."
/channel/cseupscnotes
✅ IMPORTANT HILLS
✓ Nilgiri hills- Tamil Nadu
✓Chali hill -Himachal Pradesh
✓ Matheran Hill Station -Maharastra
✓ Daringbad hill station-Odisha
✓ Amarkantak hill - Madhya Pradesh
✓ Barmura hill -Tripura
✓ Girnar Hill -Gujarat
✓ Satmala Hill --Maharasthra
✓Patkai Bum hills -Arunachal Pradesh
✓ Kudagu hills -Karnataka
✓ Darjeeling Hills --West Bengal Place of the thunderbolt
✓Gawilgarh Hills – Maharashtra
✓Harischandra Range - Maharashtra
✓Rajmahal Hills – Jharkhand
✓Garhjat Hills – Odisha
✓Sirumalai Hills – Tamil Nadu
✓Seshachalam Hills @cseupscnotes – Andhra Pradesh
✓Varusanadu Hills - Tamil Nadu
🐯𝐓𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐞 of States🐯
♓♓Assam♓♓
🐅Kaziranga Tiger Reserve
🐅Manas Tiger Reserve
🐅Nameri Tiger Reserve
🐅Orang Tiger Reserve
♓♓Arunachal Pradesh♓♓
🐅Namdapha Tiger Reserve
🐅Pakhui Tiger Reserve
♓♓Andhra Pradesh♓♓
🐅Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Bihar♓♓
🐅Valmiki National Park
♓♓Chhattisgarh♓♓
🐅Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
🐅Indravati Tiger Reserves
🐅Udanti & Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
♓♓Jharkhand♓♓
🐅Palamau Tiger Reserve
♓♓Karnataka♓♓
🐅Bandipur Tiger Reserve
🐅Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
🐅Bhadra Tiger Reserve
🐅Anshi Dandeli Tiger Reserve
♓♓Kerala♓♓
🚡Periyar Tiger Reserve
🚡Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Madhya Pradesh♓♓
🚡Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
🚡Satpura Tiger Reserve
🚡Kanha Tiger Reserve
🚡Panna Tiger Reserve
🚡Pench Tiger Reserve
🚡Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve
♓♓Maharashtra♓♓
🚡Melghat Tiger Reserve
🚡Pench Tiger Reserve
🚡Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project
🚡Sahyadri Tiger reserve
🚡Nagzira-Navegaon Tiger Reserve
🚡Bor Tiger Reserve
♓♓Mizoram♓♓
🚡Dampa Tiger Reserve
♓♓Odisha♓♓
🚡Satkosia Tiger Reserve
🚡Simlipal Tiger Reserve
♓♓Rajasthan♓♓
🚠Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve
🚡Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
🚝Sariska Tiger Reserve
♓♓Tamil Nadu♓♓
🍀Anamalai Tiger Reserve
🚝Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
🚠Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
🚡Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Telangana♓♓
🚡Kawal Tiger Reserve
🚡Nagarjunsagar
🚡Srisailam Tiger Reserve
♓♓Uttar Pradesh♓♓
🚡Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
🚡Pilibhit Tiger Reserve
♓♓Uttarakhand♓♓
🚠Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
🚠Rajaji National Park
♓♓West Bengal♓♓
🚠Buxa Tiger Reserve
🚠Sunderbans Tiger Reserve
Important Indices/Reports with IMF involved @CSEUPSCNOTES
1) Economic performance Index
2) Global financial stability report
3) World Economic Outlook
#UPSCPrelims
Important Indices/Reports with FAO involved @CSEUPSCNOTES
1) State of Food security and Nutrition in the world, (SOFI)
2) State of World's Soil Resources Report
3) World Food Price Index,
4) Global Forest Resources Assessment
#UPSCPrelims
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Question: Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? @CSEUPSCNOTES
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1,2 and 3
Question: Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship
with other organisms?
1. Cnidarians
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
🔆Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP
✅ The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but
also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.
✅These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.
✅ Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.
✅Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.
✅ The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .
✅The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.
✅ The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.
✅They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.
✅ They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.
✅ In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them
Join @cseupscnotes
There are 4 types of genetic diseases
1⃣ Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene.
2⃣ Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes.
3⃣ Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies
4⃣ Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria
Join @cseupscnotes
Kigali Amendment related to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layers.
It helps to reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century
Join @cseupscnotes
Shankar IAS Academy is delighted to announce that Mr. Shabbir A. Bashir sir (one of India's leading faculties for Geography Optional for UPSC CSE) will be taking the Optional Enrichment Programme Orientation Class
👉Open to All
👉Date - 23rd Sep, 2023
👉Time - 4 pm to 6 pm
☎️Call: 9962009136
The establishment of a seed bank for native plant species in the Aravallis is a crucial initiative taking shape at the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary. This seed bank serves several important purposes:
1. Biodiversity Conservation: It plays a vital role in preserving the genetic diversity of native plant species in the Aravalli region. By collecting and storing seeds, it helps protect these species from potential extinction.
2. Ecological Restoration: The seeds collected can be used for ecological restoration efforts within the sanctuary and the broader Aravalli region. They can aid in reforestation and habitat restoration projects.
3. Climate Resilience: Native plant species are often better adapted to local climatic conditions. Preserving their seeds can contribute to climate resilience and adaptation by maintaining the genetic diversity of region-specific plants.
4. Research and Education: The seed bank can serve as a valuable resource for scientific research and education. Researchers and students can study these seeds to better understand the unique flora of the Aravallis.
5. Conservation Outreach: It allows for outreach and education programs to raise awareness about the importance of preserving native plant species and the role of seed banks in conservation.
In summary, the establishment of a seed bank at the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary is a significant step toward preserving the ecological and genetic heritage of the Aravalli region, supporting conservation efforts, and enhancing the overall biodiversity and resilience of the area.
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is a non-profit charitable organization established in 1984 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Its mission is to promote heritage awareness and conservation in India. Here are some key points about INTACH:
1. Founding: INTACH was founded in 1984 with the aim of preserving and promoting India's rich cultural and architectural heritage.
2. Scope: It has grown to become one of the world's largest heritage organizations, with over 190 Chapters throughout India.
3. Headquarters: INTACH is headquartered in New Delhi and operates through various divisions, including Architectural Heritage, Natural Heritage, Material Heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Heritage Education and Communication Services (HECS), Crafts and Community Cell, Chapters, INTACH Heritage Academy, Heritage Tourism, Listing Cell, and Library, Archives, and Documentation Centre.
4. International Recognition: In 2007, INTACH received special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, highlighting its global significance in the field of heritage preservation.
INTACH plays a crucial role in conserving India's diverse cultural and architectural heritage and works to raise awareness about the importance of preserving this heritage for future generations.
Brief details about Hills in INDIA by @SecureIAS
1. Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Known for lush tea and coffee plantations, shola forests.
- Fauna: Home to Nilgiri Tahr, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, and various bird species.
- Ecotone: Forms an ecotone between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, resulting in unique biodiversity.
2. Chail Hill, Himachal Pradesh:
- Location: A serene hill station.
- Flora: Dense deodar and pine forests.
- Fauna: Diverse bird species, including the cheer pheasant and kalij pheasant.
- Ecotone: Part of the Himalayan ecotone, providing habitat for several species. @cseupscnotes
3. Matheran Hill Station, Maharashtra:
- Location: Pollution-free hill station near Mumbai.
- Flora: Diverse plant species, including evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Various bird species and some reptiles.
- Ecotone: Situated in the Western Ghats, offering a transition zone for biodiversity.
4. Daringbadi Hill Station, Odisha:
- Location: Known as the "Kashmir of Odisha."
- Flora: Surrounded by pine forests and coffee plantations.
- Fauna: Variety of bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Located in the Eastern Ghats, contributing to regional biodiversity.
5. Amarkantak Hill, Madhya Pradesh:
- Location: A pilgrimage town where rivers originate.
- Flora: Surrounded by lush forests and medicinal plants.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and smaller mammals.
- Ecotone: Marks the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, creating a unique ecotone.
6. Barmura Hill, Tripura:
- Location: Known for its scenic beauty.
- Flora: Covered in tropical and subtropical forests.
- Fauna: Rich in avian biodiversity and unique reptiles.
- Ecotone: Located in northeastern India, connecting various ecosystems.
7. Girnar Hill, Gujarat:
- Location: Significant pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains.
- Flora: Mix of deciduous and evergreen vegetation.
- Fauna: Known for diverse birdlife and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.
8. Satmala Hill, Maharashtra:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: Features deciduous and evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Home to various bird species and small mammals.
- Ecotone: Contributes to the unique biodiversity of the Western Ghats.
9. Patkai Bum Hills, Arunachal Pradesh:
- Location: Part of the Eastern Himalayas.
- Flora: Covered in lush tropical rainforests.
- Fauna: Home to diverse wildlife, including endangered species.
- Ecotone: Connects the Indo-Burma and Himalayan ecosystems, resulting in high biodiversity.
10. Kudagu Hills, Karnataka:
- Location: Also known as Coorg, famous for coffee plantations.
- Flora: Features coffee and spice plantations, evergreen forests.
- Fauna: Ideal for birdwatching with numerous avian species.
- Ecotone: Part of the Western Ghats, contributing to the region's rich biodiversity.
These hills not only provide breathtaking landscapes but also serve as important ecological zones, supporting a wide range of plant and animal life due to their unique positioning within India's diverse ecosystems.
UPSC Prelims 2024 Exam Details
UPSC Mains 2024 Exam Details
One District One Product (ODOP) is an initiative towards realizing the true potential of a District to promote locally manufactured products in line with "Vocal for Local".
ODOP initiative is operationally merged with 'Districts as Export Hub being implemented by DGFT, Department of Commerce, with Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
Districts as Export Hub is a key feature of India's New Foreign Trade Policy 2021-26 to bring the aspect of planning and execution of International Trade to the District level.
Objective & Significance
( To convert each District into an Export Hub by identifying "products with export potential" in the District.
Boosting exports, both merchandise and services, by addressing domestic and overseas constraints related to the policy, regulatory and operational framework. Supporting local exporters, manufacturers to scale up manufacturing
Find potential buyers outside India for promoting exports, manufacturing & services industry in the District
Employment generation in the District.
The Department of Commerce through DGFT - the Director General of Foreign Trade is engaging with Central and State/UT governments agencies to implement ODOP initiative in all districts of the country in a phased manner.
#ODOP
◆ राजस्थान
1. केवला देवी राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
2. रणथ्मभोर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. सरिस्का राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
4. डैजर्ट राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. दर्रा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
6. घना पक्षी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
7. केवला देवी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
8. ताल छापर अभ्यारण्य
9. माउंट आबू वाईल्ड लाइफ सैंचुरी
◆ मध्य प्रदेश
1. कान्हा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. पेंच राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. पन्ना राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. सतपुड़ा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. वन विहार पार्क
6. रुद्र सागर झील राष्ट्रीय पार्क
7. बांधवगढ नेशनल पार्क
8. संजय नेशनल पार्क
9. माधव राष्ट्रीय पार्क
10. कुनो नेशनल पार्क
11. माण्डला प्लांट फौसिल राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆अरुणाचल प्रदेश
1. नामदफा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ हरियाणा
1. सुलतानपुर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. कलेशर राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ उत्तर प्रदेश
1. दूदवा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. चन्द्रप्रभा वन्यजीव विहार
◆ झारखंड
1. बेतला राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. हजारीबाग राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. धीमा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ मणिपुर
1. काइबुल लाम्झो राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सिरोही राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ सिक्किम
1. खांचनजोंगा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ त्रिपुरा
1. क्लाउडेड राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ तमिलनाडु
1. गल्फ आफ मनार राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. इन्दिरा गांधी ( अन्नामलाई ) राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. प्लानी हिल्स राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. मुकुरूथी नेशनल पार्क
5. गुनीडे नेशनल पार्क
◆ ओडिसा
1. भीतरगनिका राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सिंमली राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. नन्दनकानन राष्ट्रीय चिड़ीयाघर
4. चिल्का झील अभयारण्य
◆ मिजोरम
1. माउन्टेन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. मुरलेन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. फांगपुई नेशनल पार्क
4. डाम्फा अभ्यारण्य
◆ जम्मू-कश्मीर
1. दाचीग्राम राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. सलीम अली राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. किस्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. हैमनिश नेशनल पार्क
5. जैव मण्डल रीजर्व , श्रीनगर
◆ पश्चिम बंगाल
1. सुन्दरवन राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. बुक्सा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. जलधपारा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. गोरूवारा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
5. सिंघालिला राष्ट्रीय पार्क
6. नियोरा वैली नेशनल पार्क
◆ असम
1. मानस राष्ट्रीय पार्क
2. काजीरंगा राष्ट्रीय पार्क
3. नामेरी राष्ट्रीय पार्क
4. राजीव गांधी ओरांग पार्क
5. डिब्रूगढ़ शेखोवाल राष्ट्रीय पार्क
◆ आंध्र प्रदेश
1. कसरू ब्रह्मानंदा रेड्डी नेशनल पार्क
2. इन्दिरा गाँधी प्राणी विज्ञान पार्क
3. मरूग
Important Indices/Reports with WEF involved @CSEUPSCNOTES
1) Travel and Tourism Report
2) Global gender Gap Index
3) Global competitiveness Index
4) Energy Transition Index
#UPSCPrelims
Question: In which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is
the main source of release of nutrients to enter the cycle?
(a) Carbon cycle
(b) Nitrogen cycle
(c) Phosphorus cycle
(d) Sulphur cycle
The correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only.
Here's an explanation for each statement:
1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment: This statement is not typically associated with copper smelting plants. Carbon monoxide is more commonly associated with incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, such as in automobile emissions or poorly ventilated indoor spaces.
2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment: This is a valid concern with copper smelting plants. Copper slag contains various heavy metals, including copper itself, as well as potentially harmful substances like lead and arsenic. Improper disposal or management of copper slag can lead to the leaching of these heavy metals into the environment, contaminating soil and water.
3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant: This is another valid concern. Copper smelting involves the heating of copper ore, which can release sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. SO2 is a harmful air pollutant that can contribute to acid rain, respiratory problems, and environmental damage.
So, the correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only, as these are the concerns associated with copper smelting plants.
The correct answer is indeed (d) 1, 2, and 3.
All three of the mentioned groups - Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa - can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms:
1. Cnidarians: Cnidarians include creatures like corals and sea anemones. They can form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with certain types of algae (e.g., zooxanthellae). The algae live inside the tissues of the cnidarians and provide them with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the cnidarians offer protection and a stable environment for the algae.
2. Fungi: Fungi are known for forming various types of symbiotic relationships. One of the most well-known examples is mycorrhizal associations, where fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. The fungi help the plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and in return, they receive carbohydrates produced by the plants.
3. Protozoa: Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled organisms. Some protozoa can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example, certain protozoa can live symbiotically in the guts of termites and help digest cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant material.
So, all three groups have species that can establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms, making option (d) the correct answer.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is involved in several important indices and reports that cover a wide range of economic and trade-related topics. Here are some key reports and indices associated with UNCTAD:
1. World Investment Report (WIR): The World Investment Report is an annual publication by UNCTAD that provides an in-depth analysis of global and regional trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and offers insights into investment policies and strategies.
2. e-Commerce Index: UNCTAD has been involved in the development of the B2C (Business-to-Consumer) E-commerce Index, which assesses the readiness of countries to engage in online commerce. This index evaluates various factors, such as internet penetration and payment infrastructure. Join @cseupscnotes
3. Commodities and Development Report: This report focuses on commodities, including agricultural products and minerals, and their impact on the development prospects of countries. It examines issues related to commodity markets, prices, and their implications for sustainable development. Join @cseupscnotes
4. Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (with UNESCAP): UNCTAD, in collaboration with the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), publishes the Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report. This report addresses trade and investment issues specific to the Asia-Pacific region.
5. Digital Economy Report: The Digital Economy Report is produced by UNCTAD and focuses on the role of digital technologies in economic development. It explores topics related to e-commerce, digital trade, and the digital divide.
6. Least Developed Countries Report: UNCTAD's Least Developed Countries Report is an annual publication that provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic and social development challenges faced by the world's least developed countries (LDCs). It offers policy recommendations to support their development.
These reports and indices play a crucial role in informing policymakers, businesses, and the international community about important economic and trade-related issues. They contribute to discussions on sustainable development, trade policies, and investment strategies, among other topics.
Important Indices/Reports with UNCTAD involved
1) World Investment Report,
2) e- Commerce Index
3) Commodities and Development Report,
4) Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Report (alongwith UNESCAP)
5) Digital Economy Report
6) Least developed countries Report Join @UPSCPrelimsN
#Prelims
Washington Convention is on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES, aims at regulating the international trade of specimens of endangered animals and plants. India has ratified this Convention in 1976.
Join @cseupscnotes
Private Member's Bills :
A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is known as a #PrivateMember.
Bills introduced by Private Members (MPs who are NOT Cabinet Ministers) are called Private Member's Bills.
Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
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