The psychiworld

07 July 2020 15:09

📍Pedophilia;
Pedophilia is a sexual attraction to children. It is considered a paraphilia, a condition in which a person's sexual arousal and gratification depend on fantasizing about and engaging in sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme. Pedophiles are more often men and can be attracted to either or both sexes. How well they relate to adults of the same or opposite sex varies.
Pedophilic disorder can be diagnosed in people who are willing to disclose this paraphilia, as well as in people who deny any sexual attraction to children but demonstrate objective evidence of pedophilia. For the condition to be diagnosed, an individual must either act on their sexual urges or experience significant distress or interpersonal difficulty as a result of their urges or fantasies. Without these two criteria, a person may have a pedophilic sexual orientation but not pedophilic disorder. 

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The psychiworld

30 June 2020 18:03

❗️What is Gestalt psychology?

Was an approach to psychology that began in Germany early in the twentieth century. The Gestalt psychologist emphasized the importance of perceiving whole objects or forms, and proposed a number of principles to explain how we organize objects. As used in Gestalt psychology, the German word gestalt is interpreted as "pattern" or "configuration".
These theories went on to explain our distinction from figure and the background, grouping of objects and the perception of distance.

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The psychiworld

24 May 2020 23:38

A word or two about blaming people.

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The psychiworld

13 May 2020 15:00

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Source: psychology today

The psychiworld

12 May 2020 09:47

May is mental health awareness month. Take care of yourself and people around you ❤️

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The psychiworld

12 May 2020 08:40

If someone were to tell you that the above image was what was known as beauty back in the Persian Qajar days, would you believe it? And what if someone were to tell you that Marilyn Monroe, the popular sex symbol of the 1950’s, would not be a sex symbol today, since she wouldn’t be as slim as she needs to be? All these discussions bottle neck to one subject and that is the study of ‘body image’.

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The psychiworld

10 May 2020 14:23

📍1) The Monster Study (1939):

The Monster Study was a stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa, in 1939 conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Johnson chose one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the experiment and he supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups, Tudor gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life. Dubbed “The Monster Study” by some of Johnson’s peers who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a theory, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson’s reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the Monster Study in 2001.

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The psychiworld

08 May 2020 09:22

❗️The Dark side of perfectionism.

💢 One might think that perfectionism might always drive any human to inevitable success, but this is quite the contrary. Excessive perfectionism is a destructive behaviour. Although it is a good practice in theory to be perfect, we need to understand that reality is far from perfect. As humans we were not meant to be perfect. We were meant to be flawed, and through these flaws we were to evolve in time to something close to perfectionism, but never be perfect at all. Just think about it. If we were to be perfect at one point of our lives, further than that point it would mean, that there would be no room for improvement, hence no reason to live longer. You must also take into consideration the fact that no matter how hard you try to perfect something, there will always be someone who will be a mile further than the point you got. Perfectionist people are rarely happy, for they are quite literally never happy with the result they get in any subject matter. They always try to make what they work on perfect, but fail to realize that, mistakes and problems will always be there.

It is mostly suggested to thrive towards excellence rather than perfectionism. The philosophy of excellence is that you try your best and are open to make mistakes, and rather than dismissing what you achieved and start over, instead you would accept it as it is, learn from the mistakes and the problems and ultimately move on.

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The psychiworld

07 May 2020 12:09

⭕️ The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your job: name the colors of the following words. Do NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the words. For example, if the word "BLUE" is printed in a red color, you should say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It is not as easy as you might think!

Description:
In psychology, the Stroop effect is a demonstration of cognitive interference where a delay in the reaction time of a task occurs due to a mismatch in stimuli. The effect has been used to create a psychological test that is widely used in clinical practice and investigation.

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The psychiworld

06 May 2020 10:19

📍 Using "CLARITY" method to make tissues transparent for staining. Note the tissue is there, and is intact, it's just transparent.

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The psychiworld

06 May 2020 10:12

🧠 In this post I walk talk about the various imaging techniques used to localize brain function;

Firstly you need to know the term Connectome. A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram". The image above is an example of a connectome of the whole brain.

One of the methods used to localize these connectomes or brain areas, is called "CLARITY". in this method they make the brain tissue transparent (image will be sent in the channel) using special chemicals, then they dye the specific neurons, making them visible through the transparent tissue.

Other imaging techniques include the Diffusion tensor imaging which is a magnetic resonance technique, that shows the direction of water flow in cells. This is useful because the direction of water is always along the axon of a neuron, so we can image the projection of axons with this technique!

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The psychiworld

05 May 2020 09:39

Self-portrait of a person with schizophrenia, representing that individual's perception of the distorted experience of reality in the disorder.

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The psychiworld

04 May 2020 12:36

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04 May 2020 07:47

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The psychiworld

12 January 2017 06:20

📍4)Monkey Drug Trials (1969):
While animal experimentation can be incredibly helpful in understanding man, and developing life saving drugs, there have been experiments which go well beyond the realms of ethics. The monkey drug trials of 1969 were one such case. In this experiment, a large group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with an assortment of drugs, including morphine, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Once the animals were capable of self-injecting, they were left to their own devices with a large supply of each drug.

The animals were so disturbed (as one would expect) that some tried so hard to escape that they broke their arms in the process. The monkeys taking cocaine suffered convulsions and in some cases tore off their own fingers (possible as a consequence of hallucinations), one monkey taking amphetamines tore all of the fur from his arm and abdomen, and in the case of cocaine and morphine combined, death would occur within 2 weeks.

The point of the experiment was simply to understand the effects of addiction and drug use; a point which, I think, most rational and ethical people would know did not require such horrendous treatment of animals.

The psychiworld

02 July 2020 10:10

📍How do humans perceive depth?

Humans are binocular beings, hence the utilization of both of their eyes help perceive depth, but this is not enough. Hence, they also use the mechanisms of detecting depth with monocular vision. These mechanisms include: 1) relative size of the object at hand (If an image contains an array of similar objects that differ in size, the viewer interprets the smaller object as being farther away. 2) Interposition; If one object is positioned so that it obstructs the view of the other, the viewer perceives the overlapping object as being nearer. 3) Relative height; Among similar objects, those that appear closer to the horizon are perceived as being farther away. 4) Perspective; When parallel lines in a scene appear to converge in the image, they are perceived as vanishing in the distance. 5) Shading and shadows. and 6) motion.

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The psychiworld

27 June 2020 10:40

💡Main approaches of the individual perspective:

The individualistic perspective of psychology referees to the subject’s perception of reality, and what behaviour this perception elicits. We all have different views of reality, and how we come to see reality, decides what our behaviour will be like. The individualistic perspective of psychology takes three trends: (1) The experimental method; applying scientific method to behavior, (2) Psychoanalytical method; taking the unconscious into account and (3) Humanistic approach; taking into account the human aspects such as self-actualization and creativity.

The individualistic perspective is a merge between the behavioral, cognitive, psychoanalytical and humanistic perspectives. This is mainly because the behavioral perspective fails to take into account the cognitive processes that take place when an action triggers a response from a human. The psychoanalytical and humanistic aspects come into this merge, because we are species with unconsciousness and possess human qualities such as creativity and self-actualization.

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The psychiworld

14 May 2020 09:33

⭕️ ten tips to avoid burn outs

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The psychiworld

13 May 2020 06:49

⭕️ What to do during mental health awareness month (specially with the pandemic at hand!)

There are a variety of ways to raise mental health awareness this month. Share relevant articles and posts through social media, and if you’re comfortable doing so, share your own mental health story with others. Stopping stigma means reducing shame, and when even one person is open about their experience, others may realize they are not alone and that there is no shame in seeking help.

Or follow our Instagram to always stay informed of these events;
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The psychiworld

12 May 2020 08:42

❗️‘Body image’ is one’s perception of his/her body. And this perception can affect the psychology and behaviour of the said person. The perception is constantly in turn and changes because of the cultural environment and to some degree because of genetic backgrounds. Body image can be characterized by four traits: 1- your affective body image, 2- your cognitive body image, 3- your perceptive body image and 4- your behavioral body image.

All the terms above are self-explanatory. affective meaning the way your body makes you feel, cognitive meaning how your body image affects your thought process, perceptive is the way you see it and behavioral is what behaviors your body image forces you to perform.

One could argue that humans have always had a wrong collective body image throughout the centuries, for as every century passes by, we seem to not see what was beautiful as beautiful when it is recalled! So why should we constantly accept the norms and conform to the trended beauty standards? is it for acceptance? That discussion is out of our scope, but what we can rely on, is that beauty must be a subjective matter, and mischievous entities such as the fashion industries benefit from generally distorting the mass minds to conform to their standards of beauty. Taking it from breast sizes to the general outlook of one’s body shape. We must remember companies do not care about us; all they want is money. So when the Barbie company was criticized about how slim their dolls were, and how it was affecting the perception of children’s bodies, since the sales were at stakes, they confirmed with the public and made dolls for many more body types!

So why care about all this, when every aspect of it seems flawed and so easily molded? It is because we were told to do so! from the time we are born till the time we learn to speak; we are constantly fed with propaganda about the perfect body image from the media. The media makes mass confusion. sometimes it says fat people need to stay fat to accept their body, which promotes body positivity, but totally neglects health risks, sometimes it tells them to slim down, but neglects the fact that some women have genetic problems and can’t do so, so they get more psychologically pressured, and some other times it tells perfectly normal sized people they need to be skin and bone! This is the problem! the media will always have a say on it (where it should not) and will always play with the people’s body perception.

We need to keep in mind that what we may think is right, might be totally wrong since we are human. You might think all the people prefer large breasts, but that is just conventional wisdom and far from the truth (article linked below about men’s perception of breasts). English and Malaysian researchers showed full-body photos of women to 361 men, who rated their attractiveness. Women with large breasts were not considered the most attractive. The honor when to the women with medium-size endowments.

Michael Castleman writes a conclusion about men’s perception for breast size; “Some evidence also suggests that oppressive attitudes toward women may play a role in men’s size preference. Recall the 361 Englishmen who considered women with medium-sized breasts the most attractive. The researchers also asked them to complete a survey that explored their feelings about women in society. The most sexist showed a strong preference for large breasts, while the more egalitarian men preferred smaller breasts. So do men really want women with big boobs? Some do, at least in fantasy, hence the joke about the woman who gets the job. But many prefer women with medium or small breasts, and many others don’t care. It turns out that men’s feelings about women’s breasts are more complex than the stereotype would have us believe.”

Checkout the article; https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/all-about-sex/201306/boobs-mens-complex-feelings-about-womens-breasts?amp

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The psychiworld

11 May 2020 07:44

❗️The first thing psychology students learn is that there are different lenses by which you can perceive the world of human behaviors. Psychology is a complex field where reductionist approaches don’t represent the real outcome, but to simplify things for better understanding, compartmentalization of things in parts can help. There are five main perspectives in psychology, which you can think of as the lenses. These perspectives include;

Biological perspective; giving the biological background for a certain action.
psychoanalytical perspective; Based on the theory that behaviour stems from the unconscious precesses of the person. (beliefs, desires and fears)
subjective perspective; suggesting that the human behaviour is in control by an individual perception of the world.
cognitive perspective; considering mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, problem solving and memory.
behavioral perspective; Observing stimuli and response. The response is the behaviour.

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The psychiworld

10 May 2020 14:23

The monster study! @psychologynews44

The psychiworld

08 May 2020 09:22

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The psychiworld

06 May 2020 18:45

This is the new @psychologynews44 logo :)

The psychiworld

06 May 2020 10:16

📍 Using "CLARITY" method to make tissues transparent for staining. Note the tissue is there, and is intact, it's just transparent.

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The psychiworld

05 May 2020 18:36

⭕️Leon festinger et al.'s when prophecy fails (1956)

The most well known covert psychological observation was carried out by Leon festinger and his colleagues. In chicago, there was a religious cult that belived the world would end on 21 December. the belived that when the natural catastrophes began, they would be rescued by flying saucers, as long as they followed the prescribed rituals and read the sacred texts. they were also to remain isolated from all non-belivers. this made it very difficult for psychologists to study them.

festinger and his team decided to become cult members in order to carry out a participant observation. they remaind with the cult untill the fatefull day of 21 december-when nothing happened. festinger monitored the group members' doubt, debate, and rationalized what had taken place. the members of the cult, as part of maintaining their self-esteem, decided that god had not destroyed the world because of their prayers!

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The psychiworld

04 May 2020 12:37

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The psychiworld

04 May 2020 09:10

📍Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that enables the measurement of the restricted diffusion of water in tissue in order to produce neural tract images instead of using this data solely for the purpose of assigning contrast or colors to pixels in a cross-sectional image.

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The psychiworld

12 January 2017 06:20

📍5) Landis’ Facial Expressions Experiment (1924):
In 1924, Carney Landis, a psychology graduate at the University of Minnesota developed an experiment to determine whether different emotions create facial expressions specific to that emotion. The aim of this experiment was to see if all people have a common expression when feeling disgust, shock, joy, and so on.

Most of the participants in the experiment were students. They were taken to a lab and their faces were painted with black lines, in order to study the movements of their facial muscles. They were then exposed to a variety of stimuli designed to create a strong reaction. As each person reacted, they were photographed by Landis. The subjects were made to smell ammonia, to look at pornography, and to put their hands into a bucket of frogs. But the controversy around this study was the final part of the test.

Participants were shown a live rat and given instructions to behead it. While all the participants were repelled by the idea, fully one third did it. The situation was made worse by the fact that most of the students had no idea how to perform this operation in a humane manner and the animals were forced to experience great suffering. For the one third who refused to perform the decapitation, Landis would pick up the knife and cut the animals head off for them.

The consequences of the study were actually more important for their evidence that people are willing to do almost anything when asked in a situation like this. The study did not prove that humans have a common set of unique facial expressions.

The psychiworld

12 January 2017 06:19

📍3)Stanford Prison Experiment (1971):
This study was not necessarily unethical, but the results were disastrous, and its sheer infamy puts it on this list. Famed psychologist Philip Zimbardo led this experiment to examine that behavior of individuals when placed into roles of either prisoner or guard and the norms these individuals were expected to display.

Prisoners were put into a situation purposely meant to cause disorientation, degradation, and depersonalization. Guards were not given any specific directions or training on how to carry out their roles. Though at first, the students were unsure of how to carry out their roles, eventually they had no problem. The second day of the experiment invited a rebellion by the prisoners, which brought a severe response from the guards. Things only went downhill from there.

Guards implemented a privilege system meant to break solidarity between prisoners and create distrust between them. The guards became paranoid about the prisoners, believing they were out to get them. This caused the privilege system to be controlled in every aspect, even in the prisoners’ bodily functions. Prisoners began to experience emotional disturbances, depression, and learned helplessness. During this time, prisoners were visited by a prison chaplain. They identified themselves as numbers rather than their names, and when asked how they planned to leave the prison, prisoners were confused. They had completely assimilated into their roles.

Dr. Zimbardo ended the experiment after five days, when he realized just how real the prison had become to the subjects. Though the experiment lasted only a short time, the results are very telling. How quickly someone can abuse their control when put into the right circumstances. The scandal at Abu Ghraib that shocked the U.S. in 2004 is prime example of Zimbardo’s experiment findings.