لطفا نظرات خود را برای ما ارسال کنید : 👇🏻 @Takmililab این کانال به همت چندین فلوشیپ و فارغ التحصیل دکتری تخصصی راه اندازه شده است . در این کانال سعی بر آن است تا از 0 تا 100 با شما باشیم دکتر شکوه امیری : فلوشیپ دکتر محمد نژاد : فلوشیپ
115) Selection of Appropriate Testing Devices and Methods During the initial survey to determine what POCT is being performed, it is important to start moving toward standardization of equipment as well as manual tests such as urine dipsticks and urine pregnancy.
Читать полностью…110) Within Six Sigma, nonconforming products or services are measured and expressed as defects-per- million- opportunities (DPMO). If a laboratory sends out 1000 reports and finds that 10 are reported late, it has a 1% defect rate; this is equivalent to 10,000 DPMO. The observed number of DPMO can be converted to a Sigma level that expresses the control level of an activity. The goal of Six Sigma is to reduce the number of defects to near zero. At only 1σ (adjusted for the 1.5σ shift), there are 691,462.5 DPMO or a success-yield of 30.854% (i.e., percentage of products without defects). To reach the goal of Six Sigma, there can be only 3.4 DPMO in order to obtain a 99.9997% yield (Brue, 2002; Westgard et al., 2018). Most laboratories operate at ±2SD or 45,400 DPMO (less than 4σ or 6210 DPMO) (Kaltra & Kopargonkar, 2016).
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پاسخ سوال 108 )
STRATEGIC PLANNING
planning, which can be defined as (1) deciding on the objectives of the organization and the need to modify existing objectives if appropriate; (2) allocating resources to attain these objectives; and (3) establishing policies that govern the acquisition, use, and disposition of these resources (Lifshitz & De Cresce, 1996).
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🗒 تفسیر مهمترین کیس های پزشکی
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به دنیای شگفت انگیز
ارشد وزارت بهداشت و پزشکی خوش آمدید! 🌟
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ثبت نام فلوشیپ علوم ازمایشگاهی ورودی 404 شروع شد :
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سوالات تالیفی برای ۵ درس بالا هست که حدود ۳۰۰ سوال بوده و جالب است که ۶۶ سوال عینا در آزمون ۴۰۳ آمده است
این که شبیه سوالات مجدد بیاید قطعا هست . حتما تهیه بفرمایید
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🌟 به دنیای پرانرژی و جذاب کانالهای ارشد وزارت بهداشت و پزشکی خوش آمدید! 🌟
🩸هماتولوژی،ایمنولوژی 👩⚕داروخانه،پرستاری
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🥇بهترین کانال های اساتید ارشد دکترا وزارت بهداشت وپزشکی پرستاری که حتما باید در تمامی آنها عضو شوید⬇️
Читать полностью…پاسخ سوال 104)
گزینه د صحیح است
پاسخ سوال 102) در کلید گزینه الف بیان شده است.
Читать полностью…پاسخ سوال 99)
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Antinuclear Autoantibodies
The target antigens of ANA are heterogeneous and not well defined. ANA have been shown to be reactive with single-and double-stranded DNA, centromeres, histones, chromatin, and cyclin A. Human epithelial type 2 (HEp2) cells have prominent nuclei, hence nuclear patterns are easier to analyze and additional diagnostic information pointing to variant syndromes may be obtained, therefore IFL is now performed on this cell line in many laboratories (Sebode et al., 2017). A homogeneous staining pattern is the most common pattern in type 1 AIH, and coarse or speckled patterns are less frequently observed. In adults, a clinically significant titer is 1:40 and in children it is 1:20. Titers greater than 1:80, in conjunction with other criteria, are considered diagnostic of autoimmune hepatitis by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group ........
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اطلاعیه شماره 3: ثبت نام آزمون ورودی دوره تکمیلی تخصصی علوم آزمایشگاهی (1404/04/11) (جدید)
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113) WORKFLOW ANALYSIS
Workflow analysis assimilates all of the previously discussed data and transforms them into valuable information. This step can be done manually or, as will be described later, using commercially available software for part of the analysis. A comprehensive workstation analysis should identify bottlenecks and highlight areas where improvements are necessary.
UNDERSTANDING WORKFLOW
To fully understand a laboratory’s workflow, one must audit all phases of the testing process. Only then can one determine how to optimize performance and to what degree technologic or nontechnologic solutions are needed. Table 2.1 provides some of the issues to consider.
109) Successful strategic planning requires appropriate data collection by observing current and projected conditions in the following areas: Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political (or STEEP) (Kurec, 2014a).
Читать полностью…سوال 106)
Leadership skills manifest as patterns of behavior that engage others to complete tasks in a timely and productive manner. The Situational Leadership model (Hersey et al., 2012) describes four key styles: supporting, directing, delegating, and coaching.
احتمال تغییر زمان آزمون ورودی دکتری تخصصی فلوشیپ 404
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🧨 احتمالا دارد که منظور از آن، فلوشیپ تخصصی گروه های بالینی باشد
۳۰۰ سوال احتمالی تالیفی (دروس قارچ، ویروس، انگل، میکروب و ژنتیک )
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مبلغ ۵ درس ۱۵۰۰ هست واریز کنید و فیش بفرستید
سوالات تالیفی : مزیتش این است که نوعی سوالات شبیه سازی از افراد با تجربه (دید جدید یک فرد) طراحی شده است و برای شما که فقط سوالات کنکور را خوانده اید به نوعی ارزیابی خاصی است.
سال قبل با همین منوال، 66 سوال مشابه از 300 سوال تالیفی آمده بود که به نوعی عالی بود. حتی اگر 5 سوال هم مشابه سوالات بیاید برای شما بسیار عالی است.
بااحترام به
دوستانی که گزینه بله رو انتخاب کردن لینک کانال ها رو در زیر قرار میدم👇🌹🌹
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بااحترام به
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✅کل طول تحصیل پزشکی فقط ۴ سال
پاسخ سوال 105)
گزینه ب صحیح است
103) ANCA Is a Marker for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an autoimmune disease associated with destruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. More than 80% (26%–94%) of patients with this disease have circulating perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCAs) (Chapman, 2005; Hov et al., 2008; Hov et al., 2017) with specificities against antigens such as bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein, cathepsin G, elastase, and/or lactoferrin (Mulder et al., 1993; Roozendaal et al., 1998; Hov et al., 2008; Kyriakidi et al., 2016). Up to 75% also have other autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) or anti–smooth muscle antibodies (ASMAs) (Chapman et al., 1986; Björnsson et al., 2002; Hov et al., 2008). There is some question as to whether pANCA, which is a reliable indicator of large cholangiole disease, can likewise serve as a reliable biomarker for PSC involving small cholangioles
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101)
گزینه های الف و ج صحیح است.
98) RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
RA is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic, symmetric, and erosive arthritis of the peripheral joints (Scott et al., 2010). A large percentage of patients have elevated titers of serum rheumatoid factors. There may be associated nonarticular manifestations such as subcutaneous nodules, vasculitis, interstitial fibrosis, and normochromic, normocytic anemia. Sjögren and Felty syndromes may occur in RA. The primary cause of the disease is unknown. RA is associated with several autoantibodies, which can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers (Aho et al., 1994; Firestein, 2003; Pincus et al., 2014) (Fig. 53.4). These include: 1. Rheumatoid factor (RF): IgA, IgG, IgM 2. Antifillagrin antibodies (also known as anticitrullinated proteins antibodies, ACPA) (Table 53.4):
a. Antikeratin antibodies (AKA)
b. Antiperinuclear factor (APF), not commercially available
c. Antibodies to citrullinated peptides (many times referred to as anti-CCP, anticyclic citrullinated peptide)
d. Anti-Sa antibodies, targeting citrullinated vimentin (Rodriguez-Mahou et al., 2006)
3. Anticarbamylated proteins antibodies (Shi et al., 2019)
4. Anti-PAD 2/3/4 They all may possibly precede the onset of clinical RA (Klareskog et al., 2004; Bos et al., 2014; Gan et al., 2015; Verheul et al., 2018).
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فرصت را از دست ندهید! لیستی از بهترین کانال های ارشد وزارت بهداشت ،آزمایشگاهی ،استخدامی ،پرستاری،پزشکی💥 تا دقایقی دیگر لیست حذف میشود.
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اطلاعیه شماره 3: ثبت نام آزمون ورودی دوره تکمیلی تخصصی علوم آزمایشگاهی (1404/04/11) (جدید)
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93)
Given valence conditions that allow the formation of large aggregates, the size of the antigen–antibody complexes that form depends critically on the relative molar concentrations of the two reactants. If an excess of antigen or antibody is present, large complexes are unlikely to form (Fig. 47.2). This property is crucial to understanding seemingly paradoxical reactions in some immunoassays that depend on antigen–antibody complex formation. For example, a vast excess of antigen can completely saturate all antibody-binding sites, leading to a negative signal (i.e., no agglutination). This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the prozone effect. The prozone effect remains a potential problem for modern assay systems, including syphilis testing, in which extremely high-titer antibodies can be missed unless the specimen is tested at dilutions (Smith & Holman, 2004) and even in immunofixation electrophoresis (see later discussion, Fig. 47.6E). The prozone effect, or hook effect, occurs in many different immunoassays, particularly those based on sandwich formation involving a capture antibody (usually solid phase) that binds antigen plus a second reporter antibody (typically labeled with an enzyme, fluorescent or chemiluminescent dye, or radioactivity) also directed against the antigen. When antigen is present in excess, it can saturate both capture and reporter antibodies, thereby preventing sandwich formation. This situation is analogous in part to the right side of Figure 47.2, where signal strength diminishes at high antigen concentration.
اما
Specimen Matrix Effects
Common biochemical analytes—such as electrolytes, small molecules, enzymes, and so on—are generally distributed in the water phase of plasma or serum. Consequently, specimens with reduced water phase due to hyperproteinemia (e.g., from very high concentrations of a myeloma protein) or hyperlipidemia (e.g., high chylomicron content) can have reduced content of those solvent analytes even though other properties, such as ionic activities in those specimens, may be within normal physiologic range. This phenomenon is termed the solvent exclusion effect, referring to the exclusion of water and small molecules in the aqueous phase when more volume within a specimen is occupied by protein or lipid that excludes water. The content of small molecules per volume is the osmolarity (which is the measurement that can be erroneous), whereas the physiologically important aspect, such as ionic activities, is the osmolality. If excess lipids are the cause, they may be removed by ultracentrifugation. If interference is due to excess protein, an alternative mode of analysis, such as ion-selective electrode in undiluted specimen, can be employed to yield correct electrolyte activity (i.e., equivalent of osmolality). Matrix effects from very high or very low concentrations of proteins and other constituents may be problematic when dealing with other body fluids, especially when the specimens are highly viscous or otherwise atypical. In those situations, it may be necessary to qualify results in the report to indicate the site of the body fluid and possible limitations in accuracy of measurement.
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