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UPSC Notes
📌 समिति का नाम — गठन वर्ष — उद्देश्य
✍ कपूर आयोग -- 1966 -- कपूर आयोग मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी की हत्या की साजिश में भारत के मैसूर की जांच का एक आयोग था।
✍ खोसला आयोग -- 1970 -- सुभाष चंद्र बोस की मौत की फिर से जांच करने के लिए
✍ मंडल आयोग -- 1979 -- मंडल आयोग का गठन वर्ष 1979 में "सामाजिक या शैक्षिक रूप से पिछड़े वर्ग की पहचान” के उद्देश्य से किया गया था। इस आयोग का नेतृत्व भारतीय बी.पी. मंडल द्वारा किया गया था।
✍ मुखर्जी आयोग -- 1959 -- सुभाष चंद्र बोस की मौत की फिर से जांच करने के लिए
✍ नरेन्द्रन आयोग -- 2000 -- नरेंद्रन आयोग फरवरी 2000 में केरल सरकार, भारत द्वारा नियुक्त एक जांच आयोग था, जो राज्य की सार्वजनिक सेवाओं में पिछड़े वर्गों के प्रतिनिधित्व की पर्याप्तता या अन्यथा पर अध्ययन और रिपोर्ट करने के लिए था।
✍ संविधान के कामकाज की समीक्षा के लिए राष्ट्रीय आयोग -- 2000 -- चुनावी कानूनों में बदलाव का सुझाव देना
📌 Committee Name -- Establishment Year -- Details
✍ Kapur Commission -- 1966 -- The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore, India, into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
✍ Khosla Commission -- 1970 -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose
✍ Mandal Commission -- 1979 -- Mandal Commission was constituted in the year 1979 with the objective of "identification of socially or educationally backward class". This commission was headed by Indian B.P Mandal.
✍ Mukherjee Commission -- 1959 -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose
✍ Narendran Commission -- 2000 -- Narendran Commission was an inquiry commission appointed by The Government of Kerala, India, in February 2000 to study and report on the adequacy or otherwise of representation for Backward Classes in the State public services.
✍ National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution -- 2000 -- To suggest changes in electoral laws
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Important African tribes
Bushmen --- Kalahari Desert
Zulus --- South Africa
Masais --- East Africa( cattle herders of Savannas)
Fulanis --- Western Africa
Tuaregs ---- Sahara Desert
Boers(Africaaneers) -- Dutch settlers of South Africa
Berbers --- Maghreb region
Pygmies --- Zaire(congo) Basin
Bantus --- Central and Southern Africa
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9. Banihal Pass:
- Location: Jammu and Kashmir.
- Significance: Connects Srinagar with Jammu.
7. Niti Pass:
- Location: Uttarakhand.
- Significance: Connects India with Tibet.
5. Mana Pass:
- Location: Uttarakhand.
- Significance: Connects the Indian state of Uttarakhand with the Tibetan region.
3. Jelep La:
- Location: Sikkim.
- Significance: Connects India with Tibet, important trade route.
Ten important passes in India for UPSC Prelims Exam:
1. Rohtang Pass:
- Location: Himachal Pradesh.
- Significance: Connects Kullu Valley with Lahaul and Spiti Valleys.
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10. Pir Panjal Pass:
- Location: Jammu and Kashmir.
- Significance: Major mountain pass in the Pir Panjal range.
8. Jojila Pass:
- Location: Jammu and Kashmir.
- Significance: Connects Srinagar and Leh, crucial for transportation.
6. Lipulekh Pass:
- Location: Uttarakhand.
- Significance: Tri-junction point connecting India, China, and Nepal.
4. Bomdila Pass:
- Location: Arunachal Pradesh.
- Significance: Strategic pass in the northeastern region.
2. Nathula Pass:
- Location: Sikkim.
- Significance: Strategic border crossing between India and China.
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Point-wise notes on the Persian Gulf:
Geography:
* Located between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran.
* Semi-enclosed body of water connected to the Arabian Sea by the Strait of Hormuz.
* Area: approximately 240,000 square kilometers.
* Average depth: 35 meters, maximum depth: 90 meters.
* Coastline shared by eight countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman.
History:
* Historically known as "Mare Persicum" by the Romans.
* Significant crossroads for trade and cultural exchange for centuries.
* Former center of empires like Achaemenid, Sassanid, and Abbasid.
* Discovery of oil in the early 20th century transformed the region's geopolitics.
Economy:
* Holds about 30% of the world's proven oil reserves, making it crucial for global energy markets.
* Major producer and exporter of oil and gas.
* Growing focus on developing tourism and other sectors to diversify economies.
Strategic importance:
* The Strait of Hormuz is a critical chokepoint for oil transportation, with over 20% of global oil shipments passing through it.
* Geopolitical rivalry and regional tensions are major concerns, impacting stability and energy security.
* Piracy and maritime security remain challenges in some areas.
Environmental issues:
* Pollution from oil spills, industrial waste, and coastal development.
* Overfishing and declining marine biodiversity.
* Rising sea levels and climate change pose long-term threats.
Other notes:
* Diverse cultures and traditions exist across the region.
* Tourism plays a significant role in some countries, particularly the UAE.
* Water scarcity is a major challenge for many countries bordering the Gulf.