208939
UPSC Notes
Ocean acidification poses several significant problems:
Impacts on marine life: Acidic waters can harm marine organisms, particularly those that build calcium carbonate structures such as coral reefs, shellfish, and certain planktonic species. It inhibits their ability to form and maintain shells or skeletons, making them more vulnerable to predation and hindering their growth and reproduction.
Disruption of food chains: Acidification can disrupt the delicate balance of marine food chains. The decline of calcifying organisms can affect the availability of food for other species, leading to cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. This can have far-reaching consequences for commercial fisheries and the livelihoods of coastal communities that depend on them.
Loss of biodiversity: The decline of vulnerable species and the disruption of ecosystems due to acidification can lead to a loss of biodiversity. This loss undermines the overall health and resilience of marine ecosystems, reducing their capacity to adapt to other environmental stressors such as climate change.
Economic implications: Acidification can have substantial economic impacts, particularly on industries that rely on healthy marine ecosystems. This includes fisheries, tourism, and coastal communities that depend on the revenue generated by these sectors. The decline in fish stocks and the degradation of coral reefs can result in economic losses and job insecurity.
Carbon cycle imbalance: Ocean acidification is closely linked to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. As oceans absorb CO2, they become more acidic. This disrupts the natural carbon cycle and hinders the oceans' ability to act as a carbon sink. The imbalance can contribute to further climate change and exacerbate the effects of global warming.
Addressing ocean acidification requires collective efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, mitigate pollution, and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems. It is crucial to safeguard the health of our oceans for the well-being of both marine life and human societies.
UPSC Releases Important Notice Related to Common Mistakes Filling OMR Sheets & Attendance List of CSE/ESE Prelims Exam.
Error For Example.
1. Candidate encoded ‘C’ instead of ‘A
2. Encoding not done by candidate
3. Wrong encoding of Subject Code and Roll Number.
4. Markings/Writings on prohibited area
5. Incomplete bubbling
#Prelims2023
Tax to GDP ratio has neither consistently increased in last 5 year,nor decreased.
👁🗨Artificial Lakes in India
1. Bhojtal — MP
2. Gobind Sagar — HP (Bhakra Nagal)
3. Jaisamand Lake — Udaipur RJ | 2nd largest artificial in
Asia
4. Barapani Lake — Shillong
5. Bhimtal Lake — Uttarakhand
6. Hirakund Lake — OR
7. Rana Pratap Sagar — RJ | Chambal Valley project
8. Nagarjuna Sagar — TL
9. Kodaikanal — TN
10. GB Pant — UP
✅ "विश्व की प्रमुख जलसंधि"
✺ बॉस जल संधि ➭ तस्मान सागर एवं दक्षिण सागर को जोडती है
✺ सुण्डा जल संधि ➭ जावा सागर एवं हिन्द महासागर को जोडती है
✺ टोकरा जल संधि ➭ पूर्वी चीन सागर एवं प्रशान्त महासागर को जोडती है
✺ यूकाटन जल संधि ➭ मैक्सको की खाडी एवं कैरीबियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ ओरण्टो जल संधि ➭ एड्रियािटिक सागर एवं आयुनियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ र्नोथ चैनल जल संधि ➭ आयरिस सागर एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ हारमुज जल संधि ➭ फारस की खाडी एवं ओमान की खाडी को जोडती है
✺ टॉरस जल संधि ➭ अराफुरा सागर एवं एजियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ डार्डेनलीज जल संधि ➭ मारमरा सागर एवं एजियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ बासफोरस जल संधि ➭ काला सागर एवं मारमरा सागर को जोडती है
✺ मकास्सार जल संधि ➭ जावा सागर एवं सेलीबीज सागर को जोडती है
✺ बाक्अल मण्डेव जल संधि ➭ लाल सागर एवं अरब सागर को जोडती है
✺ मलक्का जल संधि ➭ अण्डमान सागर एवं दक्षिण सागर को जोडती है
✺ पाक जल संधि ➭ मन्नार एवं बंगाल की खाडी को जोडती है
✺ लुजाेन जल संधि ➭ दक्षिण चीन एवं फिलीपीन्स सागर को जोडती है
✺ बेरिंग जल संधि ➭ बेरिंग सागर एवं चुकसी सागर को जोडती है
✺ डेविस जल संधि ➭ बेफिन खाडी एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ डेनमार्क जल संधि ➭ उत्तरी अटलाण्टिक एवं आर्कटिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ डोवर जल संधि ➭ इंग्लिश चैनल एवं उत्तरी सागर को जोडती है
✺ हडसन जल संधि ➭ हडसन की खाडी एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ जिब्राल्टर जल संधि ➭ भूमध्य सागर एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ कोरिया जल संधि ➭ जापान सागर एवं पूर्वी चीन सागर को जोडती है
✺ मैगेलन जल संधि ➭ प्रशान्त महासागर एवं दक्षिणी अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
Join @upscprelimsn
Stagflation
🌳is characterized by slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment—or economic stagnation—which is at the same time accompanied by rising prices (i.e. inflation).
🌳Stagflation can be alternatively defined as a period of inflation combined with a decline in gross domestic product (GDP).
The Quit India Movement
#Indian_National_Movement
▪️ The Quit India Movement began on August 8, 1942, during World War II. The India Congress Committee, under the urging of Gandhi, called for a mass British withdrawal and Gandhi made a “Do or Die” speech. British officials acted immediately and arrested nearly every member of the Indian National Congress party.
▪️ The nation once again entered mass civil disobedience marked by anti-war speeches and refusal to assist in the war efforts. This movement introduced the idea to the British that they might be unable to maintain control of India.
Ajivika
✅was a school of thought that developed in India during the same time as Jainism and Buddhism
✅It is one of the schools under Nastika philosophy (it does not believe in the authority of Vedas)
✅It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (He is considered to be friends with Mahavira)
✅The sect is as seen as professing total determinism in the transmigration of souls, or series of rebirths.
✅Whereas other groups believed that an individual can better his or her lot in the course of transmigration, the Ajivikas supposedly held that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati that determined all events, including an individual’s fate, to the last detail
✅Ajivikas also believe that all change was illusory and that everything was eternally immobile.
✅This school of thought gained prominence for some time during Mauryan rule
Angel Investors 👆👆
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Imapct of criminalisation 1. Law breakers become law makes - undermines Sanctity of Parliament
2. Loss of public faith in judiciary machinery - as criminals use delayed hearing, adjournment, innumerable interlocutory petition to stall case progress
3.Tainted democracy - culture of money and muscle power
4. Self perpetuating- as party sees winnability factor in giving tickets
UP PSC Pre 2023
General Studies I
@uppcs
Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)
✅Built by kings of the Chola empire, these temples manifest the precision and perfection of the Cholas in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.
✅This site includes three 11th and 12th- century temples: Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.
✅The Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram built by Rajendra the First in 1035 and the Airavatesvara Temple built by Rajaraja the Second, feature vimana (sanctum tower) of 53m and 24m respectively.
To whom did Mahatma Gandhi give the title ‘Deen Bandhu’?
(A) Abdul Ghaffar Khan
(B) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(C) CF Andrews
(D) Rajendra Prasad
42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
UPSC PressNote-CSP-23
Important instructions for CSE Pre 2023
All the best ✌️👍
Ocean acidification refers to the process in which the pH of the Earth's oceans decreases over time due to the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. As CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water molecules, forming carbonic acid. This reaction leads to an increase in hydrogen ions (H+), which lowers the pH and makes the ocean more acidic. Ocean acidification is primarily caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which release large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. This phenomenon poses significant threats to marine life, including coral reefs, shellfish, and other organisms that rely on carbonate ions to build their shells and skeleton
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#Prelims2023
Important declaration
Beijing declaration - Gender equality and women empowerment
Astana declaration - Primary healthcare
Yogyakarta principles - Sexual orientation and gender identity
Istanbul convention - Combating violence against women and domestic violence
👁🗨 Conventions and Protocols🔻
🔲Ramsar Convention- wetlands
🔲Bonn Convention- On migratory birds
🔲Vienna Convention- Ozone layer
🔲Montreal Protocol- Ozone layer
🔲Minamata Convention- Mercury
🔲Geneva Protocol- Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
🔲Stockholm Convention- Persistant Organic pollutants(POP)
🔲Rotterdam Convention- Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides
🔲Basel Convention- Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
Deleting Soon 👆
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♻️ARAL SEA
✳️It is a saltwater body in Central Asia & an Endorheic lake lying between Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan.
✳️The name translates as Sea of Islands (Archipelago in Turkic languages), referring to over 1,100 islands that once dotted its water.
✳️Basin Countries: Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan.
✳️Primary Inflows: Syr Darya & groundwater (previously the Amu Darya)
✳️It is considered as an example of Ecosystem Collapse, It have been nearly destroyed, not least because of the much higher salinity.
Creeping inflation (1-4%)
🌳When the rate of inflation slowly increases over time.
🌳 For example, the inflation rate rises from 2% to 3%, to 4% a year. Creeping inflation may not be immediately noticeable, but if the creeping rate of inflation continues, it can become an increasing problem.
The Non-Cooperation Movement
#Indian_National_Movement
▪️ The first of the Gandhi-led movements was the Non -Cooperation Movement lasting from September 1920 until February 1922.If the residents of a country stop co-operating with the British, then the minority Britishers would be forced to give up.This meant that people left their jobs, removed their children from schools, and avoided government offices.
▪️ The name Mahatma Gandhi became popular. However, the Non-Cooperation Movement ended when a violent mob erupted in Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh. The individuals involved burned a police station, killing 23 police officials. Gandhi stopped the movement, remaining true to his stance on non-violent protesting.The abrupt ending of the Non-Cooperation Movement did nothing to stop the quest for independence.
Capacity cost
🧤- Capacity Cost is associated with the capability to produce and deliver a certain level of output.
🧤- It is an expenditure or cost incurred by a company to expand its business operations.
🧤- These costs may include items such as lease agreements on larger facilities, purchase and depreciation of new equipment, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain those larger or newer assets.
🧤- For any business, it is difficult to avoid costs like insurance, rent payments, property taxes, depreciation on equipment, etc. These are examples of capacity costs.
Advantages
- This type of cost helps to ensure that the production costs are kept low while maximizing profits.
- Improves the quality of the product produced & enhances the efficiency of the processes.
- Helps reduce the amount of inventory held by a company, which can help to reduce overhead costs.
Disadvantages
- High cost of energy and infrastructure
- Limited access to capital
- Lack of reliable transportation networks
Hybrid Sounding rocket
🧤A hybrid-sounding rocket is a type of rocket that uses a hybrid rocket engine to power its flight.
🧤A hybrid rocket engine uses a solid fuel grain and a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to generate thrust.
🧤Hybrid-sounding rockets are often used by universities, government agencies, and private companies for scientific research and testing of new technologies because of their low cost.
Criminalization of politics Reasons
1. Vote bank- SC : voters not organically evolved till now- thus nexus between politicians and criminals 2. Corruption - increasing criminals in LS
3. Loop holes in function of ECI- MCC is openly flouted by candidates 4. Denial of justice and rule of law- only 40% cases against politicians transferred to Special courts - that too have only 11% conviction
5. Criminals- though debarred from election - but continue high posts in party
UP PSC Pre 2023
General Studies II
@uppcs
📣 Recruitment Notification:
Himachal Pradesh Judicial Services Exam
▪️Total Posts - 17
▪️Apply by - 12th May
▪️Eligibility - LLB
▪️Pay Scale - Level J-1
(Basic - 77,840)
✅ Exam Dates
▪️Prelims - 9th July
▪️Mains - 19th August
Gas Molecules That Absorb Thermal Infrared Radiation and Are Present in Large Quantity to Alter the Climate System Is Known As
(a) Greenhouse gases
(b) Beta radiations
(c) Alpha radiations
(d) Ozone gases
🔰 Salient Features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment 🔰
================================
🔹 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment added Part IX titled “The Panchayats” to the Constitution.
🔹 Basic unit of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) comprising all the adult members registered as voters.
🔹 Three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels except in States with population is below 20 lakhs (Article 243B).
🔹 Seats at all levels to be filled by direct elections (Article 243C (2)).
🔹 Reservation of Seats:
➨ Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
➨ One-third of the total number of seats to be reserved for women.
➨ One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women (Article 243D).
🔹 Duration:
➨ Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term.
➨ In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months (Article 243E).
🔹 Independent Election Commission in each State for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls (Article 243K).
🔹 Power of Panchayats: Panchayats have been authorised to prepare plans for economic development and social justice in respect of subjects illustrated in Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G).
🔹 Source of Revenue (Article 243H): State legislature may authorise the Panchayats with
➨ Budgetary allocation from State Revenue.
➨ Share of revenue of certain taxes.
➨ Collection and retention of the revenue it raises.
🔹 Establish a Finance Commission in each State to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities (Article 243I).
🔹 Exemptions:
➨ The Act does not apply to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas because of socio-cultural and administrative considerations. These areas include:
➖the Scheduled areas and the tribal areas (under Schedule VI of the Constitution) in the states.
➖the hill areas of Manipur for which district councils exist,
➖Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
➨ However, the Parliament has extended the provisions of Part IX to Vth schedule areas through an Act called the Provisions of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
➖At present, 10 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Area.
🔹 Source: PIB 🔹
Largest Lakes by Surface Area
[Caspian Sea Excluded in all facts]
1-Lake Superior – North America
2-Lake Victoria – Africa
3-Lake Huron – North America
4-Lake Michigan – North America
Largest Lakes by Volume
1-Baikal – Asia
2-Tanganyika – Africa
3-Superior – North America
Deepest Lakes in the World
1-Lake Baikal – Asia
2-Lake Tanganyika