208939
UPSC Notes
What is Green Muffler
-> Green Muffler is a technique of reducing noise pollution by planting 4-6 rows around the populated areas or noisy places like along Roadsides, Industrial areas, Societies near highways.
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“Disturbed Area”
◾️Declared by notification under Section 3 of the AFSPA. ◾️An area can be disturbed due to differences or disputes between members of different religious, racial, language or regional groups or castes or communities. ◾️ Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.
#polity #governance
There are 4 key terms that are emerging in the discourse of nanotechnology:
1. Nanobacteria:
Nanobacteria are nano-sized in that they are from 20—200 nanometres (run) in size and are the smallest known self-replicating bacteria.
2.Nanoemulsion: Nanoemulsions are a class of extremely small droplets that appear to be transparent or translucent with a bluish colouration. They are usually in the range 50 to 200 nm but much smaller than the range (from 1 to 100 pm) for conventional emulsions.
3.Nanog: Nanog is a key pluripotency regulator critically important in the process of self-renewal of undifferentiated stem cells. It is encoded by the NANOG gene.
4. Nanogels: Nanogels are composed of cross-linked three-dimensional polymer chain networks that are formed via covalent linkages or self-assembly processes.
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🔆Fourth Industrial Revolution/ Industry 4.0
✓ongoing transformation in traditional manufacturing
✓use of latest smart technology, Automated machines, Robotics, Artificial intelligence, Internet of things
✓Minimal Human intervention needed
✓Machine2 Machine communication
✓Machines will be able to detect problems and risks in advance based on huge data processing and will notify in advance to reduce risks and human loss
✓to Run these machines , 5G technology will be needed, only data speed provided in 5G can cater to the need of machines
✓Trends-> Big data processing, IoT, Mobile Devices, Virtual Reality, 3 D printing, Automated Sensors, AI enabled systems, Cloud Storage and Cloud Computing, Congnitive computing etc.
The first Famine Commission was constituted under ____.
(A) Campbell commission
(B) MacDonnell Commission
(C) Strachey commission
(D) Lyall commission
Though a cheque resembles a bill of exchange in many respects but it is also a different instrument in other respects. Point out which one of the following statements regarding difference between cheque and bill of exchange is incorrect.
(A) A cheque does not require acceptance but a bill of exchange requires it.
(B) A cheque is not intended for circulation but bill of a exchange is intended.
A cheque is not entitled to some days of grace but it is in case of bill of exchange.
(D) A cheque is dishonored by non-acceptance but this is not so in case of bill of exchange.
The sensation of fatigue in the muscles after prolonged strenuous physical work is caused by ____.
(A) The accumulation of lactic acid
(B) The depletion of glucose
(C) Minor wear and tear of muscle fibres
(D) A decrease in the supply of oxygen
The inter - operable criminal justice system (ICJS) is implemented by the
(A) Ministry of labour and employment
(B) Ministry of corporate Affairs
(C) Ministry of law and justice
(D) Ministry of Home affairs
What is a Technical Recession?
● It is a term used to describe two consecutive quarters of decline in output. In the case of a nation’s economy, the term usually refers to back-to-back contractions in real GDP.
● Difference between Technical Recession and Recession: The technical recession is mainly used to capture the trend in GDP but the Recession encompasses an appreciably more broad-based decline in economic activity that covers several economic variables including employment, household and corporate incomes and sales at businesses.
Inclusive Development Index (IDI)
-> The Inclusive Development Index (IDI) is, a report published by the World Economic Forum.
-> The index namely has three pillars of growth for global economies: growth and development; inclusion, intergenerational equity and sustainability.
-> The report says that the IDI is ‘designed as an alternative to GDP that reflects more closely the criteria through which people evaluate their respective countries’ economies’.
Unemployment can take various forms, and there are several different types of unemployment. The main types of unemployment include:
1. Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when individuals are temporarily between jobs. It can be due to people entering the workforce for the first time, changing careers, or moving from one job to another. It is often considered a natural and relatively short-term form of unemployment.
2. Structural Unemployment: Structural unemployment arises from a mismatch between the skills and location of job seekers and the requirements and location of available job openings. This type of unemployment can persist over the long term and may require workers to acquire new skills or move to areas with more job opportunities.
3. Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is linked to the business cycle. When the economy is in a downturn or recession, businesses may reduce their workforce, leading to higher unemployment rates. Conversely, during economic expansions, unemployment decreases.
4. Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment is associated with jobs that are only available during certain times of the year. For example, agricultural workers may be unemployed during the off-season or construction workers in areas with extreme weather.
5. Hidden Unemployment: Hidden unemployment refers to people who are not actively seeking employment and, therefore, are not counted in the official unemployment statistics. This can include discouraged workers who have given up looking for work or individuals who are underemployed.
6. Underemployment: Underemployment occurs when individuals have jobs, but these jobs do not fully utilize their skills or provide them with the level of income they desire. They are, in a sense, employed in positions that are below their qualifications or expectations.
7. Long-term Unemployment: Long-term unemployment refers to individuals who have been without work for an extended period, typically six months or more. It can be particularly challenging, as skills and motivation may erode over time, making reentry into the job market more difficult.
8. Educational Unemployment: Educational unemployment happens when individuals with higher education and advanced degrees cannot find jobs that match their qualifications. This can result from a lack of demand for specific skills or oversaturation of the job market in certain fields.
9. Disguised Unemployment: Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are engaged in a particular activity than is necessary for its efficient operation. Their contributions to the activity are marginal or even negligible.
The prevalence of these types of unemployment can vary depending on economic conditions and structural factors in a given country or region. Policymakers and economists often strive to address these different types of unemployment through various measures, including job training programs, economic stimulus, and labor market reforms.
Key terms related to the balance of payments and international transactions.
1. Balance of Payments (BOP): A record of all funds going in and out of a country, which tracks international transactions and helps assess a country's economic health in the global context.
2. Current Account (CA): A component of the balance of payments that records international transactions that do not create liabilities. It includes trade in goods and services, income earned or paid on investments, and unilateral transfers.
3. Capital and Financial Account (CFA): Another component of the balance of payments that records international transactions that do create liabilities. It encompasses official and private sales and purchases of financial assets, such as bonds, and reflects changes in a country's financial position.
4. Factor Income: The net of payments received and payments made on investments overseas. It includes income earned on investments in foreign countries, such as dividends or interest, and is part of the current account.
5. Remittances: Money received from another country that is not in exchange for a good, service, or financial asset. Remittances typically refer to funds sent by individuals working abroad to support their families or households in their home country.
*💠9वीं, 10वीं, 11वीं और 12वीं अनुसूची
🛡️नौवीं अनुसूची को मौलिक अधिकारों के उल्लंघन के आधार पर इसमें शामिल कानूनों को न्यायिक जांच से बचाने के लिए प्रथम संशोधन अधिनियम 1951 द्वारा जोड़ा गया था।
🛡️हालांकि, 2007 में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने फैसला सुनाया कि 24 अप्रैल, 1973 के बाद इस अनुसूची में शामिल कानून अब न्यायिक समीक्षा के लिए खुले हैं।
🛡️10वीं अनुसूची 1985 के 52वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी, जिसे दल-बदल विरोधी कानून के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।
🛡️11वीं अनुसूची 1992 के 73वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी। इसमें ऐसे प्रावधान शामिल हैं जो पंचायतों की शक्तियों, अधिकार और जिम्मेदारियों को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं। इसमें 29 मामले हैं.
🛡️12वीं अनुसूची 1992 के 74वें संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा जोड़ी गई थी। यह उन प्रावधानों से संबंधित है जो नगर पालिकाओं की शक्तियों, अधिकार और जिम्मेदारियों को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं। इसमें 18 बातें हैं।*
Drip irrigation :
1. More beneficial than traditional methods✅
2. drop only at root✅
3. hilly + coastal areas too useful✅
4. It permits use of saline water✅
5. substantial reduction in weed growth,soil erosion,high suitability in poor soils too, labour saving, fertilizers costs saving✅
6. 40-50% water shaving + 100% yield increase✅
7. Water loss or evaporation is reduced✅
8. Economic viable✅
Karnataka = world's single largest drip irrigation project✅✅✅
Shubham Kumar UPSC Rank - 1,
Example for ethics & essay
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Eco-Sensitive Zone:
-> The Eco-Sensitive Zone has a minimum extent of 100 metres and maximum extent of up to 4 km from the Park boundary.
-> The objective of notifying Eco-Sensitive Zones is to create a buffer as further protection around Protected Areas (PAs) such as National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries.
-> MoEFCCC is responsible for ESZ.
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Q1. The Economic Survey is complied by:
a) Office of economic advisor.
b) Central Statistical office ( CSO )
c) National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)
d) Department of economic affairs.
Answer & Explanation
d) Department of economic affairs. The Economic Survey is complied by Department of economic affairs, Ministry of Finance. Office of economic advisor publishes WPI, while CSO publishes IIP and CPI.
Budapest Convention
-> It is the first international treaty seeking to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations.
-> It was drawn up by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, with the active participation of the Council of Europe’s observer states Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States.
Solar Cycle
▪️A cycle in which the amount of magnetic flux that rises up to the Sun's surface varies with time is called the solar cycle.
Solar Tsunami
▪️Solar tsunami is the waves of the magnetic field and hot, ionized gas moving across the Sun at about 400 km per second
Solar Dynamo
▪️Solar Dynamo is a naturally occurring generator which produces electric and magnetic fields in the sun.
Sun Spot
▪️Sunspots are areas that appear dark on the surfaceof the Sun. They appear dark because they are cooler than other parts of the Sun’s surface
Which is Not Naturally Occurring Greenhouse Gas?
(a) Nitrous oxide
(b) Methane
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Ethane
In which of the following cases , the supreme court has issued specific guidelines regarding arrest ?
(A) Vishakha v state of Rajasthan
(B) A.R Antulsy's Case
(C) D.K Basu's case
(D) Nandini Satpathy 's case
Dadasahab phalk Award given by which ministery?
(A) Home ministry
(B) Foreign Ministry
(C) Ministry of information and technology
(D) Ministry of culture
According to article 233 of the constitution, a district judge is appointed by the
(A) Chief justice of the state High court
(B) Governor of the state
(C) Chief minister of the state
(D) none of the above
🌀Bad Bank
◾️News: RBI Governor has agreed to look at a proposal for creating a Bad Bank.
◾️Key points:
1. Function as a bank but has bad assets to start with.
2. It is an Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC) or an Asset Management Company (AMC).
3. It is not involved in lending and taking deposits.
4. It helps commercial banks clean up their balance sheets and resolve bad loans.
5. US-based Mellon Bank created the first bad bank in 1988.
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QCI was indeed set up jointly by the Government of India and the Indian industry.
The Chairman of QCI is appointed by the Prime Minister on the recommendations of the industry to the government.
The balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of
A) all import and export transactions of a country during a given period of time, normally a year
B) goods exported from a country during a year
C) economic transaction between the governments of one country to another
D) capital movements from one country to another
*💠9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Schedule
🛡️Ninth Schedule was added by 1st Amendment Act 1951 to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights.
🛡️However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review.
🛡️10th Schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
🛡️11th schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It contains the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters.
🛡️12th schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992. It deals with the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters.*
Dr. Akshita Gupta AIR - 69, 2020
Quotes for essay and ethics. Must be included whenever needed.
Very important #Topper_Notes
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Indian Economy by Sriram's IAS
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