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UPSC Notes
Venture Capital vs angel investor
Both provide money to startup companies,
venture capitalists are professional investors who invest in a broad portfolio of new companies and provide hands-on guidance and leverage their professional networks to help the new firm.
Angel investors, on the other hand, tend to be wealthy individuals who like to invest in new companies more as a hobby or side-project and may not provide the same expert guidance. Angel investors also tend to invest first and are later followed by VCs
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Leadership – Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
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✅ Open Market Operation (OMO) means buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank of a country (RBI in India).
•When the central bank wants to infuse liquidity into the monetary system, it will buy government securities in the open market. This way it provides commercial banks with liquidity.
•In contrast, when it sells securities, it curbs liquidity.
• Thus, the central bank indirectly controls the money supply and influences short-term interest rates.
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Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, UPSC
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🌕 BIOETHICS
It is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
Issues Related To Bioethics In India
● Abortion
● Euthanasia
● Surrogacy
● Organ donation
● Health care rationing
● Right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons.
- The scope of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
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For those preparing for CSE 2024 and not writing mains this year:
Now is the right time to get into the mains preparation.
Till December, one can focus more on Mains- GS and Optional papers
Download all the CSE Mains 2023 Papers. Right now, one can do the following exercise to improve one’s answer writing:
1) Link it with the Syllabus: Analyse the questions of GS1, 2,3,4 asked in Mains 2023 and link with syllabus. Analyse whether it is factual or analytical, static or current etc. Identify areas where questions are being asked more
2) Brainstorming: Try to first write some points (scribble)
3) Current Affairs: Linking the question with Current Affairs
4) Think of apt Introduction and conclusion
5) Answer Writing: Write a full 2 page/3 page answer with subheading and points/small paragraphs
6) Look for Topper’s mock answers: Before writing answers, one can look for mock test papers of Toppers for that particular GS. Idea is, to know structuring, number of words, sub heading etc
After writing answers also, one can compare and contrast it with topper’s copies and do peer review with friends
Best Wishes !!
Hindi Compulsory UPSC 2023
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“The best way to boost the economy is to redistribute wealth downward, as poorer people tend to spend a higher proportion of their income” - Ha-Joon Chang
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Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, CSE 2021
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Antriksh Jain AIR 130, 2021
Ethics Notes
♻️Teleological ethics
✅Teleological ethics is the theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved.
✅Consequentialism or teleological ethics is based on the premise that the morality of an action is contingent with the outcome of that action.
✅ It is also known as consequentialist ethics, it is opposed to deontological ethics (from the Greek Deon, “duty”), which holds that the basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the good or evil generated
✅ Different types of Consequential ethics/ Teleological ethics include:-
a) Utilitarianism (Rule Utilitarianism, Act Utilitarianism)
b) Hedonism
c) Ethical Egoism
d) Ethical Altruism
e) Epicureanism
♻️Ethics for Public relationship:
✅Openness: Public relationships require transparency in their dealings. All parties are expected to provide complete information on all matters to each other for the sake of fairness. Openness also increases confidence of parties in each other.
For instance, companies are expected to publish their annual reports with all their financial details for the shareholders.
✅Honesty and integrity: It is expected that true information will be provided in public dealings without any errors or deception. Parties are also expected to remain true to their word and not break promises. For instance, in politics, promises given by politicians to people or other politicians must be kept or otherwise, they lose their credibility.
✅Respect: Due respect and courtesy is expected in public relationships in accordance with conventions, code of conduct etc. For example, we should behave politely and respectfully with our neighbours, strangers on the road etc.in order to ensure a stable and harmonious social order.
✅Rule of law: Parties in a public relationship must mutually abide by the law of the land and conduct their dealings accordingly. Rule of law is necessary to ensure equality and fairness among different entities and also to ensure justice in case of wrongdoing. For example, relationship between a consumer and seller is regulated by the Consumer Protection Act 1986.
✅Equality and uniformity: In public relationships, one must treat everyone equally and uniformly. This is necessary to ensure a level playing field, fair competition, quality service etc. For example, civil servants must treat all individuals equally irrespective of their caste, class, religion etc.
✅Accountability: In public dealings, we must hold ourselves accountable with same standards as we expect from others. Accountability is essential to enforcing the norms of public relationships. People want their administrators, politicians,
industries to be accountable to them.
Venture Capital: Entrepreneurs need investments for their start-up companies.
The investments or the capital that these entrepreneurs receive from wealthy investors is called Venture Capital and the investors are called Venture Capitalists.
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2 Types of Open Market Operations by RBI
1. Outright Purchase (PEMO) – this is permanent and involves the outright selling or buying of government securities.
2.Repurchase Agreement (REPO) – this is short-term and are subject to repurchase.
CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION
(i) Wear and Tear due to Use of the
(ii) Accidents
(iii) Obsolescence’s
(iv) Depletion
(v) Expiration of certain legal
(vi) Physical factors.
(vii) Inadequacy
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There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts; it is a sword that kills.
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Challenges to Internal Security of India👆👆👆
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The aim of education is to convert an empty mind into an open mind.
Education is the highest attainment in the world.
The name of the ability to cope with life's circumstances is education.
The work of a modern teacher is not to cut the forest but to irrigate the desert.
Two goals of good education are intelligence and characteristics.
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#Example
• Compassion
• People-Centered
• Pro-Poor HealthCare
• Public Spirited Individuals
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∆ Biohacking: is the practice of modifying and enhancing human biology and physiology, often using technological and genetic interventions, to improve various aspects of health, cognition, and physical capabilities.
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Marathi compulsory 2023
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West flowing river
"SAMANTA" are west flowing rivers
SA- SABARMATI
MA-MAHI
N- Narmada
TA-Tapti
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Shruti-Sharma-AIR - 1 2021
Answer copy
Arpit Sangal AIR 53 CSE 2021
Ethics answer copy
Lakshay Anand AIR 101 CSE 2021
Ethics Notes
♻️Empathy and Compassion
✅Empathy is an act of feeling another person's pain in the same way as he/she is feeling. On the other hand, compassion is about walking the extra mile to alleviate the pain of the person in pain.
✅Empathy helps you feel the pain of someone emotionally, whereas the compassionate person always has an inherent compassionate view for other human beings. Empathy is specific to the situation, whereas compassion is a permanent quality of the person for all other human beings.
E.g. Empathy would make you feel the pain upon hearing that your friend has lost his mother and compassion is what Mother Teresa had about all human beings.
♻️Administrative ethics
1. Transparency: Administration must not only adhere to transparency laws but must also voluntarily disclose all information to the public so that corruption and mala fide decisions are prevented and public knows the true picture of the government. Woodrow Wilson rightly said ‘corruption thrives in secret places, and avoids public places.’
2. Integrity: Integrity is often called the value of values. It demands that administrators must strongly and uncompromisingly uphold the values of civil service. It is said that if integrity is there, nothing else matters…if integrity is not there, nothing else matters.
Civil servants like Ashok Khemka, Sanjiv Chaturvedi are shining examples of integrity and inspire present and future civil servants.
3. Objectivity: Civil servants must take decisions in an objective manner based only on facts and logic without the undue influence of bias or prejudice. For example, a civil servant’s advice to politicians should not be based on personal beliefs but facts of the matter.
4. Compassion: In an underdeveloped country with widespread poverty and hunger, civil servants must show compassion towards the weaker sections in order to fulfil their needs. For instance, if a needy beneficiary under a scheme does not have valid documents, an officer should not simply reject the application but make efforts to get him necessary documents and provide him due benefits.
5. Dedication to public service: Governance in a democracy involves many challenges and pressures and hence, requires utmost dedication on the part of civil servants so that they can strive to serve the people despite the challenges. Such dedication ensures that civil servants remain motivated throughout their long careers. Recent UN Award for community policing to Bastar police shows the dedication of the police department of the district.
6. Impartiality: Civil servants should treat everyone equally regardless of their religion, class, caste etc. This is essential for rule of law and maintains people’s faith in democracy. Article 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution establish the right to equality for all citizens of India.