208939
UPSC Notes
The Rowlatt Act, officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a law enacted by the British colonial authorities in India. Here are some key points:
Facts:
1. Year: Enacted in 1919 during the British colonial rule in India.
2. Purpose: The act was passed to control public unrest and suppress political activities deemed seditious.
3. Key Provisions: It allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial, based on suspicion of being involved in revolutionary activities.
4. Duration: Initially, the act was intended to be in force for two years, but it was extended indefinitely.
Importance:
1. Background: The Rowlatt Act was a response to the unrest and political turmoil following World War I.
2. Civil Liberties: It curtailed civil liberties and drew widespread criticism for suppressing freedom of expression and assembly.
3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The discontent arising from the Rowlatt Act played a role in the tragic Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar in 1919.
Consequences:
1. Protests: The act triggered protests across India, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi opposing its draconian provisions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: The discontent fueled the Non-Cooperation Movement, a major campaign of nonviolent resistance against British rule.
3. Political Awakening: It contributed to the political awakening and mobilization of Indians against oppressive colonial laws.
4. Historical Significance: The Rowlatt Act is considered a significant event in India's struggle for independence, laying the groundwork for future movements.
This act played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of India's freedom struggle, marked by increased resistance against British rule.
/channel/cseupscnotes
Question:
*Choose the correct option for Rowwlatt Act*
A) It granted autonomy to provinces within British India. 😂
B) It imposed severe restrictions on civil liberties and allowed for detention without trial. 👍
C) It established the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for constitutional reforms. 🙏
D) It initiated economic policies to address the agrarian crisis in rural India. ❤️
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
All important Current Affairs of the Year 2023-24 #Hindi & #English
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaC0BI4HgZWXymjXKf1B
Free Membership is open for Today.
Question (English):
Which ancient South Indian city, known for its architectural marvels including the Shore Temple and the Five Rathas, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was a significant port during the Pallava dynasty?
(A) Mahabalipuram. ❤️
(B) Kanchipuram. 👌
(C) Thanjavur. 👍
(D) Madurai. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
सवाल (हिंदी):
कौन सा प्राचीन दक्षिण भारतीय शहर, जिसे शोर मंदिर और फाइव रथास सहित इसकी वास्तुकला के अद्भुतता के लिए जाना जाता है, एक यूनेस्को विश्व धरोहर स्थल है और पल्लव वंश के दौरान एक महत्वपूर्ण पोर्ट था?
(A) महाबलीपुरम. ❤️
(B) कांचीपुरम. 👌
(C) तंजावुर. 👍
(D) मदुरै. 🙏
*इमोजी के साथ उत्तर:*
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
1100+ प्रश्नों के Set, बिलकुल फ्री,
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
अभी तक आप सो रहे हो क्या? *मौका जाने वाला है, जल्दी ज्वाइन करो*👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
*जो अभी तक ज्वाइन नहीं हुआ है तो ज्वाइन हो जाओ जल्दी फिर मत कहना कि हमें पढ़ने के लिए कुछ मिला नहीं*👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
ATTENTION: UPSC Interview candidates in Delhi. Officers IAS Academy’s exclusive Interview program is scheduled below
Date : 24/01/2024 and 25/01/2024
Time: 10:00 AM
Venue: Officers IAS Academy, 2nd floor, Param Tower, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005
Registration link: https://forms.gle/vouBVWFnptRgu15n6
Amazon Rainforest* 🙏
The Amazon Rainforest is renowned as a biodiversity hotspot, characterized by an immense variety of plant and animal species. It is home to a significant number of endemic species and plays a crucial role in maintaining the Earth's ecological balance. The region's diverse ecosystems contribute significantly to the planet's biodiversity and are essential for global environmental health.
Short notes on the Fundamental Duties as outlined in the Indian Constitution:
1. Enforcement: Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, inspired by the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
2. Number of Duties: There are originally ten Fundamental Duties, but the 86th Amendment in 2002 added the 11th duty related to education of children.
3. Nature of Duties: Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by law, but they are moral and civic obligations.
4. Incorporation: Part IVA of the Constitution (Article 51A) contains the list of Fundamental Duties.
5. Citizen's Responsibility: These duties are aimed at promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards building a just and harmonious society.
6. Harmony and Brotherhood: Fundamental Duties include promoting harmony, the spirit of common brotherhood, and the values of composite culture.
7. Education of Children: The 86th Amendment added the duty of parents to provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14.
8. Respect for National Symbols: Duties include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
9. Preserving Environment: Citizens are expected to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
10. Safeguarding Public Property: It is the duty of every citizen to protect public property and to abjure violence.
Remember, Fundamental Duties are integral to the idea of a responsible and aware citizenry in the Indian democratic framework.
Mridul shivhare Air 247 ,2021
Modern history notes
/channel/cseupscnotes
Shivani jerngal AIR 30 CSE 2021
Modern History, Ancient India
Medieval India, Geography
POLITY
/channel/cseupscnotes
/channel/cseupscnotes
Читать полностью…
*Q. Which article of the Indian Constitution is related to the Right to Education (RTE), ensuring free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years? Additionally, when was this article inserted into the Constitution?*
*A. Article 21A, inserted in 2002 😊*
*B. Article 45, inserted in 1976 🙏*
*C. Article 15, inserted in 1986 👍*
*D. Article 51A, inserted in 1992 ❤️*
*Q. Identify the archaeological site in India that served as a major maritime center during the ancient period, connecting trade routes across the Indian Ocean. Additionally, name one significant artifact discovered at this site.*
*A. Lothal, with the discovery of a dockyard 😊*
*B. Dholavira, featuring the inscription of the ten large signs 🙏*
*C. Sanchi Stupa, housing relics of Buddha 👍*
*D. Kalibangan, revealing a unique ploughed field pattern ❤️*
Use Emojis to answer the Question
1100+ प्रश्नों के Set, बिलकुल फ्री,
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
अभी तक आप सो रहे हो क्या? *मौका जाने वाला है, जल्दी ज्वाइन करो*👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
*जो अभी तक ज्वाइन नहीं हुआ है तो ज्वाइन हो जाओ जल्दी फिर मत कहना कि हमें पढ़ने के लिए कुछ मिला नहीं*👇👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
*Q. Which committee of the Constituent Assembly prepared the draft of the Indian Constitution?*
*A. Drafting Committee ❤️*
*B. Constitution Committee 😊*
*C. Support Committee 🙏*
*D. Amendment Committee 👍*
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Facts:
1. Date: April 13, 1919.
2. Location: Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
3. Incident: British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a peaceful gathering of thousands of Indians.
4. Casualties: The exact number of casualties is disputed, but it is estimated that hundreds of unarmed civilians were killed, and over a thousand were injured.
5. Duration of Firing: The troops continued firing for about 10 minutes until they ran out of ammunition.
Importance:
1. Background: The massacre occurred during a period of unrest following the Rowlatt Act and the subsequent protests against it.
2. Motivation: Dyer claimed he wanted to create a 'moral lesson' and instill fear among the Indian population.
3. Public Outcry: The incident generated widespread condemnation, both in India and internationally, for its brutality against unarmed civilians.
4. Impact on Independence Movement: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre fueled anti-British sentiments, contributing significantly to the independence movement.
Consequences:
1. Hunter Commission: The British government appointed the Hunter Commission to investigate the incident, which criticized Dyer's actions.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the massacre, urging Indians to resist British rule through nonviolent means.
3. Shift in Public Opinion: The massacre led to a shift in public opinion against British rule and strengthened the demand for self-rule.
4. Historical Legacy: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre remains a dark chapter in India's history, symbolizing the excesses of colonial rule.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is remembered as a poignant example of British brutality and a catalyst for increased resistance, ultimately shaping the course of India's struggle for independence.
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
/channel/cseupscnotes
Читать полностью…
Question (English):
If "APPLE" is coded as "5 16 16 12 5" using a certain logic, then how is "ORANGE" coded?
(A) 15 18 1 14 7 5. ❤️
(B) 12 9 5 2 15 22. 👌
(C) 15 18 7 12 5 5. 👍
(D) 18 15 1 14 7 5. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
सवाल (हिंदी):
यदि "APPLE" को किसी निश्चित तरीके से "5 16 16 12 5" कोड किया गया है, तो "ORANGE" कोड कैसे होगा?
(A) 15 18 1 14 7 5. ❤️
(B) 12 9 5 2 15 22. 👌
(C) 15 18 7 12 5 5. 👍
(D) 18 15 1 14 7 5. 🙏
*इमोजी के साथ उत्तर:*
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
Question (English):
Which famous South Indian temple, known for its towering gopurams (entrance towers) and intricate Dravidian architecture, is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is one of the largest Hindu temples in India?
(A) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai. ❤️
(B) Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur. 👌
(C) Virupaksha Temple, Hampi. 👍
(D) Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram. 🙏
*Answer with Emojis:*
सवाल (हिंदी):
कौन सा प्रसिद्ध दक्षिण भारतीय मंदिर, जिसे उच्च गोपुरमों (प्रवेश शिखरों) और जटिल द्रविड़ स्थापत्य के लिए जाना जाता है, भगवान शिव को समर्पित है और यह भारत के सबसे बड़े हिन्दू मंदिरों में से एक है?
(A) मीनाक्षी मंदिर, मदुरै. ❤️
(B) बृहदीश्वरर मंदिर, तंजावुर. 👌
(C) विरुपाक्ष मंदिर, हम्पी. 👍
(D) कैलासनाथर मंदिर, कांचीपुरम. 🙏
*इमोजी के साथ उत्तर:*
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
UPSC Prelims 2024 All Test Series
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va95wLz1Xqua3dJy0L27
Dear Aspirant, Shankar IAS Academy conducting a DAF-II Filling session for IFS Mains cleared students on 20 Jan 2024 (Today) @ 6.30 PM in both Offline (Chennai) & Online. Interested can register here https://www.shankariasacademy.com/ifs-interview/
Читать полностью…
Major hill ranges in India for UPSC Prelims:
1. Himalayan Range:
- Location: Northern border of India.
- Highest Peak: Mount Everest.
- Divided into three parallel ranges - Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas.
2. Western Ghats:
- Location: Along the western coast of India.
- States: Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Rich in flora and fauna.
3. Eastern Ghats:
- Location: Along the eastern coast of India.
- States: Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.
- Generally lower in elevation compared to Western Ghats.
4. Aravalli Range:
- Location: Northwestern part of India, extending from Gujarat to Delhi.
- Oldest mountain range in India.
- Not as high as other ranges.
5. Vindhya Range:
- Location: Runs across central India.
- Acts as a watershed separating northern and southern India.
6. Satpura Range:
- Location: Central India.
- Flows parallel to the Vindhya Range.
- Known for the Satpura National Park.
7. Nilgiri Hills:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.
- Connects the Western Ghats with the Eastern Ghats.
- Home to the Nilgiri tahr.
8. Cardamom Hills:
- Location: Southern part of Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Known for spice cultivation, particularly cardamom.
9. Siwalik Range:
- Location: Outermost range of the Himalayas.
- Made up of unconsolidated sediments.
Remember, understanding the geographical features of these hill ranges is crucial for the geography section of UPSC Prelims.
Fundamental Duties as outlined in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
11. To provide opportunities for education to the child between the age of 6 and 14 years, ensuring compulsory education. (Added by the 86th Amendment in 2002)
These duties are a reminder of the moral and civic obligations of every citizen towards the nation and are aimed at promoting a sense of discipline, social responsibility, and patriotism.
/channel/CSEUPSCPrelims
Читать полностью…
/channel/cseupscnotes
Читать полностью…
The term "Mini Constitution" is often used to refer to the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 in India. Here are some key points:
1. Enactment: The 42nd Amendment was enacted during the Emergency era in India, under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
2. Extensive Changes: It is labeled as the "Mini Constitution" due to the extensive modifications it made to various parts of the Indian Constitution.
3. Fundamental Rights: The amendment significantly amended the provisions related to Fundamental Rights, restricting their scope and diluting their enforceability during emergencies.
4. Directive Principles: It strengthened the Directive Principles of State Policy and introduced socio-economic rights as part of the DPSP.
5. Preamble Changes: The Preamble of the Constitution was amended to include the term "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity."
6. Emergency Provisions: The amendment expanded the powers of the President during a state of Emergency, giving the government more authority.
7. Judicial Review: It imposed restrictions on the power of the judiciary to review constitutional amendments, limiting the scope of judicial intervention.
8. Election Commission: The amendment provided for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners by the President, ensuring their independence.
While the 42nd Amendment brought significant changes, some of its provisions were later revised by subsequent amendments, bringing a balance to the constitutional framework.
Right to Education
1. Objective: The Right to Education (RTE) is a fundamental right that ensures free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years in India.
2. Constitutional Provision: Enshrined in Article 21A of the Indian Constitution, which was inserted through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002.
3. Compulsory Education: RTE mandates that the government must provide free and compulsory education to all children in the specified age group.
4. Private School Inclusion: The Act also mandates that private unaided schools reserve a certain percentage of seats for economically disadvantaged and socially weaker sections.
5. Infrastructure and Quality: RTE emphasizes the need for adequate infrastructure, qualified teachers, and a focus on improving the overall quality of education.
6. Prohibition of Capitation Fee: The Act prohibits the collection of any capitation fee and screening procedures during admissions to ensure inclusivity.
7. Implementation Challenges: While RTE is a landmark initiative, its implementation faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, and the need for improved quality standards.
8. Monitoring Mechanism: The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) monitor and oversee the implementation of RTE at the national and state levels.
*Q. During the Maurya Empire, which ancient Indian ruler is credited with the establishment of the first centralized political authority and a sophisticated administrative system? Additionally, name the treatise traditionally attributed to him.*
*A. Chandragupta Maurya, Arthashastra ❤️*
*B. Ashoka the Great, Manusmriti 😊*
*C. Bindusara, Natya Shastra 🙏*
*D. Chanakya, Kamasutra 👍*
Battle of Plassey
1. Year: 1757
2. Location: Plassey, Bengal
3. Parties Involved:
- British East India Company led by Robert Clive
- Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah
4. Key Events:
- Conspiracy between the British and Mir Jafar, a discontented noble in Siraj-ud-daulah's court.
- British forces, though outnumbered, secured support from Mir Jafar and other conspirators.
- The battle took place on June 23, 1757, with Robert Clive leading the British forces.
- Mir Jafar's betrayal during the battle resulted in a decisive victory for the British.
5. Outcome:
- Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated, leading to the establishment of British supremacy in Bengal.
- Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab, marking the beginning of British influence in Indian politics.
6. Significance:
- The Battle of Plassey played a crucial role in the expansion of British rule in India.
- It marked the decline of the Mughal influence in Bengal and the ascendancy of the British East India Company.
- The battle's aftermath laid the foundation for British colonial dominance in the Indian subcontinent.
*Q. Who was the British East India Company's commander during the Battle of Plassey?*
*A. Siraj-ud-daulah ❤️*
*B. Mir Jafar 😊*
*C. Robert Clive 🙏*
*D. Warren Hastings 👍*