208939
UPSC Notes
Amazon Rainforest* 🙏
The Amazon Rainforest is renowned as a biodiversity hotspot, characterized by an immense variety of plant and animal species. It is home to a significant number of endemic species and plays a crucial role in maintaining the Earth's ecological balance. The region's diverse ecosystems contribute significantly to the planet's biodiversity and are essential for global environmental health.
Short notes on the Fundamental Duties as outlined in the Indian Constitution:
1. Enforcement: Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, inspired by the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
2. Number of Duties: There are originally ten Fundamental Duties, but the 86th Amendment in 2002 added the 11th duty related to education of children.
3. Nature of Duties: Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by law, but they are moral and civic obligations.
4. Incorporation: Part IVA of the Constitution (Article 51A) contains the list of Fundamental Duties.
5. Citizen's Responsibility: These duties are aimed at promoting a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens towards building a just and harmonious society.
6. Harmony and Brotherhood: Fundamental Duties include promoting harmony, the spirit of common brotherhood, and the values of composite culture.
7. Education of Children: The 86th Amendment added the duty of parents to provide opportunities for education to their children between the ages of 6 and 14.
8. Respect for National Symbols: Duties include respecting the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
9. Preserving Environment: Citizens are expected to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
10. Safeguarding Public Property: It is the duty of every citizen to protect public property and to abjure violence.
Remember, Fundamental Duties are integral to the idea of a responsible and aware citizenry in the Indian democratic framework.
Mridul shivhare Air 247 ,2021
Modern history notes
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Shivani jerngal AIR 30 CSE 2021
Modern History, Ancient India
Medieval India, Geography
POLITY
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*Q. Which article of the Indian Constitution is related to the Right to Education (RTE), ensuring free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years? Additionally, when was this article inserted into the Constitution?*
*A. Article 21A, inserted in 2002 😊*
*B. Article 45, inserted in 1976 🙏*
*C. Article 15, inserted in 1986 👍*
*D. Article 51A, inserted in 1992 ❤️*
*Q. Identify the archaeological site in India that served as a major maritime center during the ancient period, connecting trade routes across the Indian Ocean. Additionally, name one significant artifact discovered at this site.*
*A. Lothal, with the discovery of a dockyard 😊*
*B. Dholavira, featuring the inscription of the ten large signs 🙏*
*C. Sanchi Stupa, housing relics of Buddha 👍*
*D. Kalibangan, revealing a unique ploughed field pattern ❤️*
Use Emojis to answer the Question
1100+ प्रश्नों के Set, बिलकुल फ्री,
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
अभी तक आप सो रहे हो क्या? *मौका जाने वाला है, जल्दी ज्वाइन करो*👇
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va90cTm3GJP5U7z7nU42
*जो अभी तक ज्वाइन नहीं हुआ है तो ज्वाइन हो जाओ जल्दी फिर मत कहना कि हमें पढ़ने के लिए कुछ मिला नहीं*👇👇
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*Q. Which committee of the Constituent Assembly prepared the draft of the Indian Constitution?*
*A. Drafting Committee ❤️*
*B. Constitution Committee 😊*
*C. Support Committee 🙏*
*D. Amendment Committee 👍*
1. Decentralized Ledger:
- Definition: Blockchain is a distributed ledger that records transactions across a network of computers.
- Significance: Decentralization ensures transparency and reduces the risk of manipulation.
2. Blocks and Chains:
- Blocks: Information batches containing transaction data.
- Chains: Blocks linked in chronological order.
- Significance: Ensures a secure and unalterable record of transactions.
3. Consensus Mechanism:
- Definition: Agreement among network participants on the validity of transactions.
- Examples: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS).
- Significance: Maintains the integrity of the blockchain.
4. Smart Contracts:
- Definition: Self-executing contracts with coded terms.
- Applications: Automated and secure execution of predefined actions.
- Significance: Enhances efficiency and reduces the need for intermediaries.
5. Cryptocurrencies:
- Definition: Digital or virtual currencies using blockchain technology.
- Examples: Bitcoin, Ethereum.
- Significance: Facilitates secure and transparent financial transactions.
6. Applications Beyond Cryptocurrencies:
- Supply Chain Management: Enhances traceability and reduces fraud.
- Healthcare: Secures patient data and streamlines records.
- Voting Systems: Ensures secure and transparent elections.
7. Challenges:
- Scalability: Handling a growing number of transactions.
- Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility among different blockchain networks.
8. Future Trends:
- Integration with IoT: Enhances security and data integrity.
- Government Adoption: For secure record-keeping and transparency.
Blockchain technology represents a paradigm shift in secure, transparent, and decentralized digital transactions with applications extending beyond cryptocurrencies.
Question:
Describe the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its significance in genetic engineering.
A) CRISPR-Cas9 is a cooking technique.👌
B) CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool for precise gene editing, revolutionizing genetic research and potential medical treatments.👍
C) CRISPR-Cas9 is a weather forecasting system.❤️
D) CRISPR-Cas9 has no relevance in the field of genetics.🙏
Mehak Jain AIR17 , 2021
Essay
Dr. Akshita Gupta UPSC AIR - 69, 2020, 2020 Ethics part 2
Topper's Answer Booklet
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1. Definition:
- IoT (Internet of Things): Interconnected network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to exchange data.
2. Interconnected Devices:
- Sensors: Collect real-time data.
- Connectivity: Devices communicate through the internet.
3. Smart Functionality:
- Enables devices to send and receive data for smart applications.
- Enhances efficiency and automation in various sectors.
4. Applications:
- Home Automation: Smart homes with connected devices (thermostats, lights, security systems).
- Healthcare: Wearable devices, remote patient monitoring.
- Industrial IoT (IIoT): Monitoring and controlling industrial processes.
5. Data Analytics:
- Analyzing large datasets generated by IoT devices for insights.
- Facilitates informed decision-making.
6. Challenges:
- Security Concerns: Protecting data from cyber threats.
- Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility among diverse IoT devices.
7. Future Trends:
- 5G Technology: Accelerates IoT connectivity.
- Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source for faster responses.
IoT revolutionizes connectivity, transforming the way devices interact and contribute to a more connected and efficient world.
Question:
Explain the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its potential applications in modern technology.
A) IoT connects only computers and smartphones.👌
B) IoT involves the interconnection of everyday devices, enabling them to send and receive data for smart functionalities.👍
C) IoT is limited to the healthcare sector.❤️
D) IoT has no relevance in the field of technology.🙏
Major hill ranges in India for UPSC Prelims:
1. Himalayan Range:
- Location: Northern border of India.
- Highest Peak: Mount Everest.
- Divided into three parallel ranges - Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas, and Outer Himalayas.
2. Western Ghats:
- Location: Along the western coast of India.
- States: Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Rich in flora and fauna.
3. Eastern Ghats:
- Location: Along the eastern coast of India.
- States: Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.
- Generally lower in elevation compared to Western Ghats.
4. Aravalli Range:
- Location: Northwestern part of India, extending from Gujarat to Delhi.
- Oldest mountain range in India.
- Not as high as other ranges.
5. Vindhya Range:
- Location: Runs across central India.
- Acts as a watershed separating northern and southern India.
6. Satpura Range:
- Location: Central India.
- Flows parallel to the Vindhya Range.
- Known for the Satpura National Park.
7. Nilgiri Hills:
- Location: Part of the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.
- Connects the Western Ghats with the Eastern Ghats.
- Home to the Nilgiri tahr.
8. Cardamom Hills:
- Location: Southern part of Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Known for spice cultivation, particularly cardamom.
9. Siwalik Range:
- Location: Outermost range of the Himalayas.
- Made up of unconsolidated sediments.
Remember, understanding the geographical features of these hill ranges is crucial for the geography section of UPSC Prelims.
Fundamental Duties as outlined in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution:
1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.
11. To provide opportunities for education to the child between the age of 6 and 14 years, ensuring compulsory education. (Added by the 86th Amendment in 2002)
These duties are a reminder of the moral and civic obligations of every citizen towards the nation and are aimed at promoting a sense of discipline, social responsibility, and patriotism.
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The term "Mini Constitution" is often used to refer to the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 in India. Here are some key points:
1. Enactment: The 42nd Amendment was enacted during the Emergency era in India, under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
2. Extensive Changes: It is labeled as the "Mini Constitution" due to the extensive modifications it made to various parts of the Indian Constitution.
3. Fundamental Rights: The amendment significantly amended the provisions related to Fundamental Rights, restricting their scope and diluting their enforceability during emergencies.
4. Directive Principles: It strengthened the Directive Principles of State Policy and introduced socio-economic rights as part of the DPSP.
5. Preamble Changes: The Preamble of the Constitution was amended to include the term "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity."
6. Emergency Provisions: The amendment expanded the powers of the President during a state of Emergency, giving the government more authority.
7. Judicial Review: It imposed restrictions on the power of the judiciary to review constitutional amendments, limiting the scope of judicial intervention.
8. Election Commission: The amendment provided for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners by the President, ensuring their independence.
While the 42nd Amendment brought significant changes, some of its provisions were later revised by subsequent amendments, bringing a balance to the constitutional framework.
Right to Education
1. Objective: The Right to Education (RTE) is a fundamental right that ensures free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years in India.
2. Constitutional Provision: Enshrined in Article 21A of the Indian Constitution, which was inserted through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002.
3. Compulsory Education: RTE mandates that the government must provide free and compulsory education to all children in the specified age group.
4. Private School Inclusion: The Act also mandates that private unaided schools reserve a certain percentage of seats for economically disadvantaged and socially weaker sections.
5. Infrastructure and Quality: RTE emphasizes the need for adequate infrastructure, qualified teachers, and a focus on improving the overall quality of education.
6. Prohibition of Capitation Fee: The Act prohibits the collection of any capitation fee and screening procedures during admissions to ensure inclusivity.
7. Implementation Challenges: While RTE is a landmark initiative, its implementation faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, and the need for improved quality standards.
8. Monitoring Mechanism: The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) monitor and oversee the implementation of RTE at the national and state levels.
*Q. During the Maurya Empire, which ancient Indian ruler is credited with the establishment of the first centralized political authority and a sophisticated administrative system? Additionally, name the treatise traditionally attributed to him.*
*A. Chandragupta Maurya, Arthashastra ❤️*
*B. Ashoka the Great, Manusmriti 😊*
*C. Bindusara, Natya Shastra 🙏*
*D. Chanakya, Kamasutra 👍*
Battle of Plassey
1. Year: 1757
2. Location: Plassey, Bengal
3. Parties Involved:
- British East India Company led by Robert Clive
- Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah
4. Key Events:
- Conspiracy between the British and Mir Jafar, a discontented noble in Siraj-ud-daulah's court.
- British forces, though outnumbered, secured support from Mir Jafar and other conspirators.
- The battle took place on June 23, 1757, with Robert Clive leading the British forces.
- Mir Jafar's betrayal during the battle resulted in a decisive victory for the British.
5. Outcome:
- Siraj-ud-daulah was defeated, leading to the establishment of British supremacy in Bengal.
- Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab, marking the beginning of British influence in Indian politics.
6. Significance:
- The Battle of Plassey played a crucial role in the expansion of British rule in India.
- It marked the decline of the Mughal influence in Bengal and the ascendancy of the British East India Company.
- The battle's aftermath laid the foundation for British colonial dominance in the Indian subcontinent.
*Q. Who was the British East India Company's commander during the Battle of Plassey?*
*A. Siraj-ud-daulah ❤️*
*B. Mir Jafar 😊*
*C. Robert Clive 🙏*
*D. Warren Hastings 👍*
Question:
Describe the concept of 5G technology and its potential implications on communication and connectivity.
A) 5G is a type of vitamin supplement.👌
B) 5G technology represents the fifth generation of mobile networks, promising faster internet speeds, lower latency, and enhanced connectivity for various devices.👍
C) 5G is a new brand of energy drink.❤️
D) 5G technology is irrelevant in the field of communication.🙏
प्रश्न:
"कुल घरेलू उत्पाद (GDP)" की अवधारणा को समझाएं और इसका महत्व समझाएं जिससे किसी देश की आर्थिक स्वास्थ्य को मापन किया जा सकता है।
A) GDP केवल सरकार के खर्च को मापता है।👌
B) GDP एक देश की सीमाओं के भीतर उत्पन्न होने वाले सभी सामान और सेवाओं की कुल मूल्य है, जिससे कुल आर्थिक स्वास्थ्य का पता चलता है।👍
C) GDP केवल व्यक्तिगत आय स्तरों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करता है।❤️
D) GDP को आर्थिक भलाइ का मूल्यांकन के लिए अमहत्वपूर्ण माना जाता है।🙏
Mehak Jain AIR17 , 2021
Essay
Dr. Akshita Gupta UPSC AIR - 69, 2020. Ethics part 1
Topper's Answer Booklet
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प्रश्न:
"थिंग्स का इंटरनेट" (IoT) की अवधारणा और आधुनिक प्रौद्योगिकी में इसके संभावित अनुप्रयोगों को समझाएं।
A) IoT केवल कंप्यूटर और स्मार्टफोन को जोड़ता है।👌
B) IoT दिनचर्या के यंत्रों को एक-दूसरे से जोड़ने में शामिल है, जिससे उन्हें स्मार्ट कार्यों के लिए डेटा भेजा और प्राप्त करने की क्षमता होती है।👍
C) IoT केवल स्वास्थ्य सेक्टर के लिए सीमित है।❤️
D) IoT प्रौद्योगिकी क्षेत्र में कोई महत्व नहीं रखता है।🙏
1. Definition:
- Sustainable development aims at meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2. Economic Aspect:
- Balances economic growth with social and environmental considerations.
- Promotes inclusive economic development that benefits all segments of society.
3. Social Dimension:
- Addresses social equity, inclusion, and community well-being.
- Fosters education, healthcare, and social justice for improved quality of life.
4. Environmental Stewardship:
- Ensures responsible use of natural resources.
- Focuses on conservation, biodiversity, and minimizing environmental impact.
5. Long-Term Perspective:
- Emphasizes long-term planning over short-term gains.
- Aims for intergenerational equity, leaving a sustainable legacy for future generations.
6. Global Cooperation:
- Recognizes the interconnectedness of global challenges.
- Calls for international collaboration to address environmental issues.
7. Policy Implementation:
- Requires integrated policies that consider economic, social, and environmental aspects.
- Encourages green technologies and sustainable practices.
Sustainable development seeks a harmonious balance among economic prosperity, social well-being, and environmental conservation for a resilient and equitable future.