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अनुच्छेद -19 में दी गई 6 तरह की स्वतंत्रताऐं
🔲TRICK🔲 बोस संग आया गया और बस व्यापार किया
🔸19 (A)➖बो➖बोलने की आजादी
🔹19 (B)➖स➖सभा की आजादी
🔸19 (C)➖संग➖संघ बनाने की आजादी
🔹19 (D)➖आया – गया➖पुरे देश मे आने जाने की आजादी
🔸19 (E)➖बस➖पुरे देश मे बसने की/रहने की आजादी
🔹19 (G)➖व्यापार➖कोई भी व्यापार एवं जीविका की आजादीl
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✅"विश्व की प्रमुख जलसंधि"
✺ बॉस जल संधि ➭ तस्मान सागर एवं दक्षिण सागर को जोडती है
✺ सुण्डा जल संधि ➭ जावा सागर एवं हिन्द महासागर को जोडती है
✺ टोकरा जल संधि ➭ पूर्वी चीन सागर एवं प्रशान्त महासागर को जोडती है
✺ यूकाटन जल संधि ➭ मैक्सको की खाडी एवं कैरीबियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ ओरण्टो जल संधि ➭ एड्रियािटिक सागर एवं आयुनियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ र्नोथ चैनल जल संधि ➭ आयरिस सागर एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ हारमुज जल संधि ➭ फारस की खाडी एवं ओमान की खाडी को जोडती है
✺ टॉरस जल संधि ➭ अराफुरा सागर एवं एजियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ डार्डेनलीज जल संधि ➭ मारमरा सागर एवं एजियन सागर को जोडती है
✺ बासफोरस जल संधि ➭ काला सागर एवं मारमरा सागर को जोडती है
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✺ बाक्अल मण्डेव जल संधि ➭ लाल सागर एवं अरब सागर को जोडती है
✺ मलक्का जल संधि ➭ अण्डमान सागर एवं दक्षिण सागर को जोडती है
✺ पाक जल संधि ➭ मन्नार एवं बंगाल की खाडी को जोडती है
✺ लुजाेन जल संधि ➭ दक्षिण चीन एवं फिलीपीन्स सागर को जोडती है
✺ बेरिंग जल संधि ➭ बेरिंग सागर एवं चुकसी सागर को जोडती है
✺ डेविस जल संधि ➭ बेफिन खाडी एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ डेनमार्क जल संधि ➭ उत्तरी अटलाण्टिक एवं आर्कटिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ डोवर जल संधि ➭ इंग्लिश चैनल एवं उत्तरी सागर को जोडती है
✺ हडसन जल संधि ➭ हडसन की खाडी एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
✺ जिब्राल्टर जल संधि ➭ भूमध्य सागर एवं अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
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✺ कोरिया जल संधि ➭ जापान सागर एवं पूर्वी चीन सागर को जोडती है
✺ मैगेलन जल संधि ➭ प्रशान्त महासागर एवं दक्षिणी अटलाण्टिक महासागर को जोडती है
42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries @cseupscnotes
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
Washington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES, aims at regulating the international trade of specimens of endangered animals and plants. India has ratified this Convention in 1976
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President's pardoning powers in India:
Presidential Pardon Powers
The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows:
1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor.
2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year.
3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women.
4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration.
5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred.
6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states.
7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws.
It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just..
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You cannot have a positive life with a negative mind.
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Modern Indian History
Quick Revision Noted History
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42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:
1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.
2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.
3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries @cseupscnotes
4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.
Nobel Prize 🏆 2023
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✅Science most important Question
सर्वदाता रक्त समूह है : → O ✅
सर्वग्राही रक्त समूह है : → AB
आर० एच० फैक्टर सबंधित है : → रक्त से
RH फैक्टर के खोजकर्ता : → लैंड स्टीनर एवं विनर
रक्त को शुद्ध करता है : → वॄक्क (kidney)
वॄक्क का भार होता है : → 150 ग्राम
रक्त एक विलयन है : → क्षारीय
रक्त का pH मान होता है : → 7.4
ह्र्दय की धडकन का नियंत्रक है : → पेसमेकर
शरीर से ह्रदय की ओर रक्त ले जाने वाली रक्तवाहिनी कहलाती है : → शिरा
ह्रदय से शरीर की ओर रक्त ले जाने वाली रक्तवाहिनी कहलाती है : → धमनी
जराविक-7 है : → कृत्रिम ह्रदय
शरीर में आक्सीजन का परिवहन : → रक्त द्वारा
सबसे छोटी अस्थि : → स्टेपिज़ (मध्य कर्ण में)
सबसे बड़ी अस्थि : → फिमर (जंघा में)
सबसे लम्बी पेशी : → सर्टोरियास
सबसे बड़ी ग्रंथि : → यकृत
सर्वाधिक पुनरुदभवन की क्षमता : → यकृत में
सबसे कम पुनरुदभवन की क्षमता : → मस्तिष्क में
शरीर का सबसे कठोर भाग : → दांत का इनेमल
सबसे बड़ी लार ग्रंथि : → पैरोटिड ग्रंथि
सबसे छोटी WBC : → लिम्फोसाइट
सबसे बड़ी WBC : → मोनोसाइट
सबसे बड़ी शिरा : → एन्फिरियर
RBCs का जीवन काल : → 120 दिन
रुधिर का थक्का बनाने का समय : → 2-5 दिन
Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention. @cseupscnotes
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The more corrupt the state, the more numerous the laws. Tacitus
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Be hard on the problem, soft on the people
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1. Article 356: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stated that Article 356 (the provision for President's Rule in states) should be used as a last resort and as a means of final recourse.
2. Passing of the Constitution: The Indian Constitution was passed on November 26, 1949, and it came into effect on January 26, 1950.
3. Amendment with the Words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity': The words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' were added to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment.
4. Property Rights Changed to Legal Rights: The right to property was changed from a fundamental right to a legal right through the 44th Amendment.
5. Protection of Personal Liberties: To ensure the protection of personal liberties, citizens can approach the Supreme Court and High Courts.
6. Meaning of Writs: The literal meaning of the term 'Writ' (Quo-Warranto Writ) is "by what authority."
7. Removal of Judges: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by passing impeachment proceedings in Parliament.
8. Mandatory Signature on Finance Bill: The President is required to give assent without reconsideration to the Finance Bill.
9. Vice President's Role: The Vice President serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
10. Extension of Lok Sabha's Term: The power to extend the term of the Lok Sabha beyond five years is vested in Parliament only during a national emergency.
11. Three Major All India Services: The three major All India Services are the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and the Indian Police Service (IPS).
12. Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission, which was formed by the Constitution Assembly.
13. Adoption of the National Flag: The Constituent Assembly adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947.
14. Number of Articles and Schedules in the Constitution on November 26, 1950: On November 26, 1950, the initial Indian Constitution had 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.
15. Right to Equality: The right to equality is enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution.
16. Establishment of the Finance Commission: The provision for the establishment of the Finance Commission is mentioned in Article 280 of the Constitution.