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UPSC Notes
Capital Goods?
• Goods that are of durable character which are used in the production process.
• E.g. tools, implements and machines.
• they make production of other commodities feasible
• Don’t get transformed in the production process.
• They are also final goods yet they are not final goods to be ultimately consumed. @Commerce_Accountancy
A bill of exchange is an instrument in
writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay
ascertain sum of money only to or to the order of ascertain person, or to the bearer of the
instrument”
Features/Characteristic or Essentials of a bill of exchange
(1) It must be in writing.
(2) It must contain an order to pay.
(3) The order contained in the bill must be unconditional
(4) It must be signed by the maker or drawer.
(5) The drawee (on whom the bill is drawn ) must be certain.
(6) The amount payable must be certain and it should be in money only.
(7) The payee must be certain.
(8) it must be stamped as per the requirement of law.
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OMR Sheet with Marks fields in the bottom, for self assessment.
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Venture Capital vs angel investor
Both provide money to startup companies,
venture capitalists are professional investors who invest in a broad portfolio of new companies and provide hands-on guidance and leverage their professional networks to help the new firm.
Angel investors, on the other hand, tend to be wealthy individuals who like to invest in new companies more as a hobby or side-project and may not provide the same expert guidance. Angel investors also tend to invest first and are later followed by VCs
#prelims2022
Leadership – Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and example.
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✅ Open Market Operation (OMO) means buying and selling of government securities in the open market by the central bank of a country (RBI in India).
•When the central bank wants to infuse liquidity into the monetary system, it will buy government securities in the open market. This way it provides commercial banks with liquidity.
•In contrast, when it sells securities, it curbs liquidity.
• Thus, the central bank indirectly controls the money supply and influences short-term interest rates.
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Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, UPSC
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🌕 BIOETHICS
It is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine.
Issues Related To Bioethics In India
● Abortion
● Euthanasia
● Surrogacy
● Organ donation
● Health care rationing
● Right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons.
- The scope of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
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For those preparing for CSE 2024 and not writing mains this year:
Now is the right time to get into the mains preparation.
Till December, one can focus more on Mains- GS and Optional papers
Download all the CSE Mains 2023 Papers. Right now, one can do the following exercise to improve one’s answer writing:
1) Link it with the Syllabus: Analyse the questions of GS1, 2,3,4 asked in Mains 2023 and link with syllabus. Analyse whether it is factual or analytical, static or current etc. Identify areas where questions are being asked more
2) Brainstorming: Try to first write some points (scribble)
3) Current Affairs: Linking the question with Current Affairs
4) Think of apt Introduction and conclusion
5) Answer Writing: Write a full 2 page/3 page answer with subheading and points/small paragraphs
6) Look for Topper’s mock answers: Before writing answers, one can look for mock test papers of Toppers for that particular GS. Idea is, to know structuring, number of words, sub heading etc
After writing answers also, one can compare and contrast it with topper’s copies and do peer review with friends
Best Wishes !!
Hindi Compulsory UPSC 2023
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“The best way to boost the economy is to redistribute wealth downward, as poorer people tend to spend a higher proportion of their income” - Ha-Joon Chang
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Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, CSE 2021
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Consumption Goods?
• Goods like food and clothing, and services like recreation that are consumed when purchased by their ultimate consumers
• also known as consumer goods.
• Includes services which are consumed but for convenience we may refer to them as consumer goods. @Commerce_Accountancy
Tax and Non Tax revenue receipts
•The receipts that do not create any liabilities and do not lead to a claim on the government are called revenue receipts.
•These revenue receipts are non-redeemable and can be classified into two categories, namely: tax revenue and non-tax revenue.
Tax revenues are the vital components of revenue receipts like direct taxes, enterprises, and indirect taxes such as customs duties, excise taxes, and service tax.
Non-tax revenues, on the other hand, are the recurring income that is earned from sources other than taxes by the government.
Some of the major sources of non-tax revenue are mentioned below:
•Interests
•Power Supply Fees: This includes fees received by the central power authority of any nation. In the case of India, this includes fees received by the Central Electricity Authority.
•Fees: They are the charges that cover the cost of recurring services that are provided and imposed by the government.
•Fines and Penalties
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Common mistakes committed by the candidates in Papers
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Venture Capital: Entrepreneurs need investments for their start-up companies.
The investments or the capital that these entrepreneurs receive from wealthy investors is called Venture Capital and the investors are called Venture Capitalists.
#prelims2022
2 Types of Open Market Operations by RBI
1. Outright Purchase (PEMO) – this is permanent and involves the outright selling or buying of government securities.
2.Repurchase Agreement (REPO) – this is short-term and are subject to repurchase.
CAUSES OF DEPRECIATION
(i) Wear and Tear due to Use of the
(ii) Accidents
(iii) Obsolescence’s
(iv) Depletion
(v) Expiration of certain legal
(vi) Physical factors.
(vii) Inadequacy
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There is nothing more dreadful than the habit of doubt. Doubt separates people. It is a poison that disintegrates friendships and breaks up pleasant relations. It is a thorn that irritates and hurts; it is a sword that kills.
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Challenges to Internal Security of India👆👆👆
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The aim of education is to convert an empty mind into an open mind.
Education is the highest attainment in the world.
The name of the ability to cope with life's circumstances is education.
The work of a modern teacher is not to cut the forest but to irrigate the desert.
Two goals of good education are intelligence and characteristics.
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#Example
• Compassion
• People-Centered
• Pro-Poor HealthCare
• Public Spirited Individuals
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∆ Biohacking: is the practice of modifying and enhancing human biology and physiology, often using technological and genetic interventions, to improve various aspects of health, cognition, and physical capabilities.
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Marathi compulsory 2023
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West flowing river
"SAMANTA" are west flowing rivers
SA- SABARMATI
MA-MAHI
N- Narmada
TA-Tapti
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Shruti-Sharma-AIR - 1 2021
Answer copy
Arpit Sangal AIR 53 CSE 2021
Ethics answer copy