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UPSC Notes
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Constitutional Bodies
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Jainism and Buddhism Notes
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Ramsar Sites in India
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Life is what we make it. There are so many reasons to be thankful every day. I am thankful to all those.
Good Morning Friends!!
Have a wonderful Day.
✅ RBI Policy Rates.
✔️ Policy Rates
▪️Repo rate: It is rate at which RBI lends to its clients generally against government securities.
▪️Reverse Repo Rate: It is rate at which banks lend funds to RBI.
▪️Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate: It is rate at which scheduled banks can borrow funds overnight from RBI against government securities. It is very short term borrowing scheme for scheduled banks.
▪️Bank Rate: It is rate charged by central bank for lending funds to commercial banks. It influences lending rates of commercial banks. Higher bank rate will translate to higher lending rates by banks.
▪️Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is amount of funds that banks have to keep with RBI. The RBI uses CRR to drain out excessive money from system.
▪️Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) : It is amount that banks have to maintain a stipulated proportion of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) in form of liquid assets like cash, gold and unencumbered securities, treasury bills, dated securities etc.
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marriage
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▪️Difference between banks and NBFCs :
✅NBFCs business activities are akin to that of banks as they can lend & make investments
✅NBFCs cannot accept demand deposits
✅They cannot issue cheques as they do not form part of the payment & settlement system.
✅Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is not available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks
Spear Phishing:
It is a targeted phishing attempt through an e-mail that appears to come not only from a trusted source with a context customized /personalized and often will be one of relevance to either current projects of developments within the company, or may be related to family event.
@CivilservicesGuidance
Vishing:
It is an attempt of a fraudster to take confidential details from you over a phone call. Details like user id, login & transaction password, OTP (One time password), URN (Unique registration number), Card PIN, Grid card values, CVV or any personal parameters such as date of birth, mother's maiden name, Aadhaar. Fraudsters claim to represent banks on the pretext of helping the customer for KYC/Aadhaar Updation/Verification/Refund of amount/Card Activation/Limit Enhancement/Card Issuance, etc. and attempt to trick customers into providing their personal and financial details over the phone by guiding them to download Quick Support/Any Desk/Team Viewer/Any other unknown mobile applications and gather unique access code to gain access of their Mobile/System. The details gathered through remote access will be used to conduct fraudulent activities on their account/card leading to financial loss.
Users are requested to check the authenticity of the links or contact details of the authorized merchant/owners while browsing through freeware softwares available on the Internet. There are many fake contact available on the internet and Fraudsters may take advantage of the situation and misguide you to steal Credit/Debit/NetBanking credentials through Vishing calls or through Vishing Remote access by taking control over the mobile/system. Customers are requested to stay safe on such Spams and not to share or access any unknown links/Mobile Apps to prevent frauds.
@Commerce_Accountancy
Capital Goods?
• Goods that are of durable character which are used in the production process.
• E.g. tools, implements and machines.
• they make production of other commodities feasible
• Don’t get transformed in the production process.
• They are also final goods yet they are not final goods to be ultimately consumed. @Commerce_Accountancy
A bill of exchange is an instrument in
writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay
ascertain sum of money only to or to the order of ascertain person, or to the bearer of the
instrument”
Features/Characteristic or Essentials of a bill of exchange
(1) It must be in writing.
(2) It must contain an order to pay.
(3) The order contained in the bill must be unconditional
(4) It must be signed by the maker or drawer.
(5) The drawee (on whom the bill is drawn ) must be certain.
(6) The amount payable must be certain and it should be in money only.
(7) The payee must be certain.
(8) it must be stamped as per the requirement of law.
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#Mapping
Important Organisations
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National Parks
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Tiger reserves 🐅 in India
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World Heritage Sites In India
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Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, CSE 2021
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Negotiable instrument means promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to
order or to bearer”
According to the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 there are just three types of
negotiable instruments i.e.
1. promissory note,
2.bill of exchange and 3.cheque
प्रमुख संविधान संशोधन
🔈1st (1950) - भूमि सुधार
🔈35th (1974) - सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ के सह राज्य का दर्जा
🔈36th (1975) - सिक्किम को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा
🔈42nd (1976) - समाजवादी धर्मनिरपेक्ष राष्ट्र की अखंडता को परिभाषित किया गया, नीति निदेशक तत्व को अधिक व्यापक बनाया गया, मूल कर्तव्यों को जोड़ा गया, न्यायाधीशों की न्यूनतम संख्या निर्धारित की गई
🔈44th (1978) - संपत्ति के अधिकार को मूल अधिकार से हटा दिया गया
🔈52nd (1985) - दलबदल अधिनियम लाया गया
🔈61th (1989) - मताधिकार की आयु 21 से घटाकर 18 की गई
🔈73rd (1993) - पंचायती राज व्यवस्था
🔈74th (1993) - नगर पालिका
🔈86th (2002) - 6 से 14 वर्ष के बच्चों को निशुल्क शिक्षा
🔈101वां (2016) - GST
🔈102वां (2018)- राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग को संवैधानिक दर्जा
🔈103वां (2019) - EWS के लिए
🔈104वां (2019) - संविधान के अनुच्छेद 334 में संशोधन स्थानों के आरक्षण और विशेष प्रतिनिधित्व का 80 वर्ष के पश्चात ना रहना
🔈105वां (2021) - इस संशोधन ने राज्य सूचियों और पिछड़े वर्गों की पहचान करने और उन्हें अधिसूचित करने की राज्यों की शक्ति को संरक्षित किया।
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ECONOMICS CH 7 POPULATION
• POPULATION EXPLOSION
- Death rate has fallen rapidly and not the birth rate to that extent which results in rise in population known as population explosion.
- 1931 to 2011 continuous rise in population.
- population = 36.1 crores in 1931 and 121.02 crores in 2011.
- 2.5% annual growth rate.
- 1970 is population explosion year.
- First population census in 1871 with initiative of Jamshedji Tata.
- First systematic census conducted in 1891.
- First census of independent India in 1951.
• SIZE AND GROWTH RATE OF INDIA'S POPULATION.
- Slow growth during 1901-1921 i.e 0.57%
- 1911-1921 decrease in population -0.03 due to diseases like maleria, plague etc
- 1921 is year of great divide.
- Population increases by 170 lakhs (Australia) every year.
• GENDER RATIO
- no. Of females per 1000 males.
- Kerala 1084 & Haryana 879.
- Reasons of low women : Due to not giving attention to nutrition, health, education and overall upbringing of daughters.
- Dowry system, early marriage, frequent child birth leads high death of women.
• RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
- Urban Rural population influenced by employment, education, health, social life, quality of life, economic growth, electricity, schools, colleges, medical treatment, etc
- Urban population= 2.6 crore in 1901 rose to 38 crore in 2011.
- rural population=21.2 crore to 83.02 crore.
• BIRTH RATE
- no. of children born every 1000 children.
- Birth rate in 1951 is 39.9 & in 2011 is 21.8
• CAUSES OF HIGH BIRTH RATE
- social factor
- universality of marriage
- Early marriage & widow remarriage
- Preference for male child
- Joint family system
- Economic factor
- Low level of Education.
- Low income.
- High Infant mortality rate.
- other factor
- High fertility rate
- Lack of family education.
• DEATH RATE
- Deaths per 1000 persons.
- Death rate = 27.4 in 1951 & 7.1 in 2011.
• CAUSES OF HIGH DEATH RATE
- Improvement in standard of living
- control over Epidemics
- control on drought
- Protection against Natural calamities C transportation facilities.
• MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION
- Mass Education & awareness
- Electiveness of family planning Programme
- Increasing age of Marriage & Raising status of women
- Incentives and Dencentives
- Expansion in Medical services and its growing Effectiveness.
• INDIA IS THE FIRST COUNTRY TO INTRODUCE POPULATION POLICY 2000 UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF DR. M S SWAMINATHAN.
@UPSCMainsGuidance
Smishing:
It is a combination of short message service (SMS - also known as text messaging) and phishing (the act of emailing someone with the intent of obtaining personal information that can be used for identity theft).
In this case, fraudster sends message over SMS, rather than Email. Smishing message may look like
"You have won a 2 free tickets to an Amusement Park, visit this website to claim your prize".
Clicking on the link may lead you to a website asking for personal information.
These are becoming more common due to smart phones becoming more popular. @UPSCPrelimsGuidance
Consumption Goods?
• Goods like food and clothing, and services like recreation that are consumed when purchased by their ultimate consumers
• also known as consumer goods.
• Includes services which are consumed but for convenience we may refer to them as consumer goods. @Commerce_Accountancy
Tax and Non Tax revenue receipts
•The receipts that do not create any liabilities and do not lead to a claim on the government are called revenue receipts.
•These revenue receipts are non-redeemable and can be classified into two categories, namely: tax revenue and non-tax revenue.
Tax revenues are the vital components of revenue receipts like direct taxes, enterprises, and indirect taxes such as customs duties, excise taxes, and service tax.
Non-tax revenues, on the other hand, are the recurring income that is earned from sources other than taxes by the government.
Some of the major sources of non-tax revenue are mentioned below:
•Interests
•Power Supply Fees: This includes fees received by the central power authority of any nation. In the case of India, this includes fees received by the Central Electricity Authority.
•Fees: They are the charges that cover the cost of recurring services that are provided and imposed by the government.
•Fines and Penalties
@Commerce_Accountancy