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UPSC Civil Services Upsc Prelims Mains Exam Current Affairs GS Gk Tricks SSC CGL IAS IFS IPS EPFO PCS UPPCS MPPCS Bihar PCS

President's pardoning powers in India:

Presidential Pardon Powers

The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows:

1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor.

2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year.

3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women.

4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration.

5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred.

6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states.

7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws.

It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just..

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भारतीय संविधान और राजव्यवस्था के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण पहलु:

1. अनुच्छेद 356: डॉ. बी. आर. अम्बेडकर ने कहा है कि अनुच्छेद 356 (राज्यों के अधिकारों की संज्ञाना और निषेधन) एक मृतपत्र की भांति रहेगा और इसका प्रयोग अंतिम साधन के रूप में किया जाना चाहिए।

2. संविधान का पारित होना: भारतीय संविधान को 26 नवम्बर 1949 को पारित किया गया था और यह 26 जनवरी 1950 को प्रभावित हुआ।

3. संविधान के संशोधन: 'समाजवादी', 'धर्मनिरपेक्ष', और 'अखंडता' शब्दों को संविधान में शामिल करने के लिए 42वें संविधान संशोधन किया गया था।

4. संविधान संशोधन 44: सम्पत्ति के अधिकार को मौलिक अधिकारों की सूची से हटाने के लिए 44वें संविधान संशोधन किया गया था।

5. व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार: नागरिक स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार को सुनिश्चित करने के लिए नागरिक सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालय के पास जा सकते हैं।
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6. लेख (Writ) के अर्थ: 'लेख (Quo-Warranto Writ)' का शाब्दिक अर्थ है, "आपका अधिकार क्या है?"

7. न्यायाधीशों की हटाई जाने वाली प्रक्रिया: सुप्रीम कोर्ट और उच्च न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों को संसद द्वारा महाभियोग पारित करके हटाया जा सकता है।

8. वित्त विधेयक: राष्ट्रपति को अनिवार्य रूप से बिना पुनर्विचार हेतु भेजे हस्ताक्षर करने के लिए वित्त विधेयक पर होते हैं।

9. उप राष्ट्रपति: उप राष्ट्रपति संसद के राज्य सभा का पदेन सभापति होते हैं।

10. लोक सभा के सामान्य कार्यकाल: लोक सभा के सामान्य कार्यकाल को 5 वर्ष से अधिक करने का अधिकार संसद को केवल राष्ट्रीय संकट के समय होता है।

11. अखिल भारतीय सेवाएँ: भारतीय प्रशासनिक सेवा, भारतीय विदेश सेवा, और भारतीय पुलिस सेवा तीन प्रमुख अखिल भारतीय सेवाएँ हैं।

12. संघ शक्ति समिति: संविधान सभा द्वारा बनाई गई समितियों में संघ शक्ति समिति के अध्यक्ष पं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू थे।

13. राष्ट्रीय ध्वज: संविधान सभा ने राष्ट्रीय ध्वज को 22 जुलाई 1947 को अपनाया।
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14. अनुच्छेद और अनुसूचियाँ: 26 नवम्बर 1950 को प्रारम्भिक संविधान में 395 अनुच्छेद और 8 अनुसूचियाँ थीं।

15. समानता का अधिकार: विधि के समक्ष समानता का अधिकार अनुच्छेद 14 में दिया गया है।

16. वित्त आयोग: वित्त आयोग के गठन का प्रावधान संविधान के अनुच्छेद 280 में है।

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September Current Affairs
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Power point presentation (converted to pdf) that I used in my topper talks

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Remember all these for Fast Calculations

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Divyanshi Singla AIR 95
Mains micro Notes
#GS1 #GS2 #GS3 #GS4
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Modern Indian History
Quick Revision Noted History

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Modern Indian History
Quick Revision Noted History

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The Constitution (128th
Amendment) Bill, 2023 (Women’s Reservation Bill)

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UPSC Civil Services Upsc Prelims Mains Exam Current Affairs GS Gk Tricks SSC CGL IAS IFS IPS EPFO PCS UPPCS MPPCS Bihar PCS

1. Article 356: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stated that Article 356 (the provision for President's Rule in states) should be used as a last resort and as a means of final recourse.

2. Passing of the Constitution: The Indian Constitution was passed on November 26, 1949, and it came into effect on January 26, 1950.

3. Amendment with the Words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity': The words 'Socialist,' 'Secular,' and 'Integrity' were added to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment.

4. Property Rights Changed to Legal Rights: The right to property was changed from a fundamental right to a legal right through the 44th Amendment.

5. Protection of Personal Liberties: To ensure the protection of personal liberties, citizens can approach the Supreme Court and High Courts.

6. Meaning of Writs: The literal meaning of the term 'Writ' (Quo-Warranto Writ) is "by what authority."

7. Removal of Judges: Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by passing impeachment proceedings in Parliament.

8. Mandatory Signature on Finance Bill: The President is required to give assent without reconsideration to the Finance Bill.

9. Vice President's Role: The Vice President serves as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

10. Extension of Lok Sabha's Term: The power to extend the term of the Lok Sabha beyond five years is vested in Parliament only during a national emergency.

11. Three Major All India Services: The three major All India Services are the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and the Indian Police Service (IPS).

12. Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the Chairman of the States' Reorganization Commission, which was formed by the Constitution Assembly.

13. Adoption of the National Flag: The Constituent Assembly adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947.

14. Number of Articles and Schedules in the Constitution on November 26, 1950: On November 26, 1950, the initial Indian Constitution had 395 Articles and 8 Schedules.

15. Right to Equality: The right to equality is enshrined in Article 14 of the Constitution.

16. Establishment of the Finance Commission: The provision for the establishment of the Finance Commission is mentioned in Article 280 of the Constitution.

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PSIR Optional- trends (indicative only).

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International Relations

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Preeti Kumari AIR 130, CSE 22
Essay Answer Copy

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Mains Notes By Shubham Bhaisare, AIR 97, CSE 2021

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#Mapping

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Two Words, That Can Change The Way We Approach Life, "Can I & I Can"
Which Option Would you Like To Choose?
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दो शब्द, जो जीवन के प्रति हमारे दृष्टिकोण को बदल सकते हैं, "क्या मैं और मैं कर सकता हूँ"
आप कौन सा विकल्प चुनना चाहेंगे?

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Akash Sharma UPSC CSE 22 AIR 419 #essay

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