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✈️ The Wright Brothers:
Orville and Wilbur Wright lived in the USA, in the mid 1800s. The 7 and 11 year old boys got a flying toy made from paper, cork and bamboo; a rubber band twirling its blades. They loved playing with it and hoped that one day they too would make something that would fly. They started pursuing their dream at an early age, as Orville sold kites to raise money and Wilbur started to read about how birds flew.
🛫 Human Flight:
They built a glider, which was like a large kite, and a human could fly in it for ten seconds. After repeated modifications and tries, Wilbur finally flew for 852 feet in 59 seconds.
🛩 Airplane Invention:
Birds angle their wings for equilibrium and power. They used this to develop the wing warping concept. The brothers built a portable rudder too. They also had to learn to make an efficient propeller and a light engine.
🚀 Wright Brothers – First Flight:
The brothers had tossed a coin to determine who would test their first plane, the Flyer first. Wilbur had won the coin toss and had attempted to pilot the Flyer but had failed.
Orville was the Flyer’s pilot three days later. It traveled in air for 12 seconds and covered 120 feet on Dec 17, 1903.
They secretly built a plane that could fly 25 miles at 40m/hr. It was a reporter who saw their talent in 1908 and thus the Wright brothers were discovered in the US.
Their father never allowed them to fly together except for once. When Orville first took him up in the sky, he was 82. Still, he urged his son to take the aircraft higher.
In 1939, Franklin Roosevelt declared Orville Wright’s birthday, August 10, to be National Aviation Day. Neil Armstrong carried a piece of the Flyer with him to the moon.
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🐒 July 31, 1920 Jackie
Jackie marched with his company in a special uniform and cap complete with buttons, regimental badges, and a hole for his tail.
The Great War had not yet reached it second year when Marr was sworn into the 3rd (Transvaal) Regiment of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade. He was now Private Albert Marr, #4927.
Private Marr asked for permission to bring Jackie along. Mascots are good for morale in times of war, a fact about which military authorities, were well aware.
To Marr’s great surprise, permission was granted. It wasn’t long before Jackie became the official Regimental Mascot.
Jackie drew rations like any other soldier, eating at the mess table, using his knife and fork and washing it all down with his own drinking basin. He even knew how to use a teacup.
Jackie drilled and marched with his company in a special uniform and cap complete with buttons, regimental badges, and a hole for his tail.
He would entertain the men during quiet periods, lighting their pipes and cigarettes and saluting officers as they passed on their rounds. He learned to stand at ease when ordered, placing his feet apart and hands behind his back, regimental style.
These two inseparable buddies, Albert Marr and Jackie, first saw combat during the Senussi Campaign in North Africa. On February 26, 1916, Albert took a bullet in the shoulder at the Battle of Agagia. The monkey, beside himself with agitation, licked the wound and did everything he could to comfort the stricken man. It was this incident more than any other that marked Jackie’s transformation from pet and mascot, to a full-fledged member and comrade, of the regiment.
Jackie would accompany Albert at night, on guard duty. Marr soon learned to trust Jackie’s keen eyesight and acute hearing. The monkey was almost always first to know about enemy movements or impending attack, sounding an early warning with a series of sharp barks, or by pulling on Marr’s tunic.
The pair went through the nightmare of Delville Wood together early in the Somme campaign, when the First South African Infantry held its position despite eighty percent casualties.
The third Battle of Ypres, known as the battle of Passchendaele, began in the early morning hours of July 31, 1917. The pair experienced the sucking, nightmare mud of that place and the desperate fighting, around Kemmel Hill. The two were at Belleau Wood, a mostly American operation in which Marine Captain Lloyd Williams of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, was famously informed he was surrounded, by Germans. “Retreat?” Williams snorted, “hell, we just got here.”
Through all of it, Marr and Jackie come through World War 1 mostly unscathed. That all changed in April, 1918.
Withdrawing through the West Flanders region of Belgium, the South African brigade came under heavy bombardment. Jackie was frantically building a wall of stones around himself, a shelter from the hammer blow concussion of the shells and the storm of flying metal buzzing through the air, as angry hornets. A jagged piece of shrapnel wounded Jackie’s arm and another all but tore off the animal’s leg. Even then, Jackie refused to be carried off by the stretcher-bearers, trying instead to finish his wall as he hobbled about on the bloody stump which had once been, his leg.
🔱Alfred Nobel:
Does anything ring a bell when you hear the name Alfred Nobel? Alfred Nobel was the founder of the well known Nobel prizes. A scientist, an inventor and also a businessman, Alfred Nobel was a dynamite personality.
🔯Childhood and Education
Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm in Sweden. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer. Also an inventor, Alfred’s father built bridges and experimented with rocks. Alfred was an intelligent and curious child. He loved to study but often had to stay home, away from school, because he used to remain sick. In 1842 Alfred’s family moved to Russia as his father’s business was doing well there. Alfred used to spend a lot of time with his father in the factory and always wondered why people needed war. His father used to build mines used in wars. In Russia Alfred was tutored at home and learnt English, French, German and Russian languages. Alfred’s father wanted him to be a scientist like him but Alfred’s interest lay in Literature and poetry, though he also liked Chemistry and Physics. His father sent him to Paris to study to become a chemical engineer. After a year in Paris, Alfred was sent to the United States to learn technical skills but he learned poetry and a collection of Literature; where his interests lay.
🔯Explosives Business
At the age of 19 Alfred decided to return to Russia to help his father and brother with the factory work. He helped his father in the factory, making military equipment for Russia during the Crimean War. Unfortunately Russia lost the Crimean war which resulted in closing down of Alfred’s father’s factory. Alfred’s father and mother decided to leave Russia and move to Sweden, their homeland. But Alfred and his two brothers decided to remain in Russia in order to try and save what was left of the business.
♈️Discovery of Dynamite
Alfred then concentrated on his experiment with developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. This invention was a great success and Alfred Nobel set up a factory in Sweden, his hometown. His experiment was used at mines and construction lands. But nitroglycerine was a dangerous explosive and it would explode if it was handled even a little carelessly. It was in 1864 that a huge explosion in the Swedish factory of Alfred killed 5 people, including his younger brother Emil. This affected Alfred a great deal.
People began to criticize Alfred Nobel for inventing such a dangerous and life threatening explosive. People did not want such a factory in the middle of the city. So Alfred moved his factory onto a ship which was in the middle of a lake. Alfred Nobel then set out to develop explosives which are safer for the workers. It was in 1867 that Nobel made a mixture of nitroglycerine with an absorbent substance, and he patented it with the name ‘Dynamite’. He conducted an open experiment with Dynamite in Germany and became recognized for his efforts.
World Peace and Nobel Prize
Alfred Nobel was deeply distressed with the fact that his inventions of explosives could kill several people. He wanted to find a way that would lead to world peace. He did not want to be remembered as a person who invented explosives. Thus, Alfred Nobel set aside his fortune and his estate to launch Nobel Prizes. These prizes were to be given to men and women for outstanding achievements in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Literature and most importantly for working towards World Peace. Nobel became very weak in 1896 and died of a heart attack the same year on December 10. Since then, every year Nobel prizes have been awarded to people who have excelled in the Sciences, specially world peace and happiness.
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🎯George Washington:
George Washington Facts:
He was one of the most popular US Presidents and laid down the foundations of the role of a President in the future. He was also famous for being the biggest President of the United States as he was six feet, two inches tall and weighed 200 pounds.
🔯Childhood and growing up:
George Washington was born on 22nd February 1732 and grew up in colonial Virginia. George started working as a surveyor of lands but later he became a leader with the Virginia armed force and became involved in the war with the French and Indians. He became a big landowner himself and was elected to the Virginian Legislature. George was against the ill treatment of people by their British rulers and fought with them for their rights. When the British disagreed, George Washington and his people decided to go to war.
🔯The American Revolution and Washington
Years later each colony under the British decided to fight together and George Washington represented the colony of Virginia as a delegate. In May 1775 Washington was declared as the General of the Continental Army. It was a tough time as George Washington had to train an army of colonial farmers to fight against trained British soldiers. He lost many battles during the American Revolution that went on for six years.
On 25 December 1776, George Washington, with his Continental Army, crossed the Delaware River into New Jersey for a surprise attack on the British Army. This was a turning point in America’s favor.
The Battle of Yorktown was the last battle of the American Revolution. Here the British army was surrounded and greatly outnumbered. Thus the British decided to surrender and also considered a peace treaty. Thus George Washington succeeded in leading his army to victory over the British on October 17, 1781.
🔯George Washington as President:
It was in 1789 that George Washington was elected as the first President of the United States. He was the one who helped build the words of the constitution. He also formed the first Presidential Cabinet with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Treasury. In his first year the Capitol of the United States was in New York City and then moved to Philadelphia. The capital of Washington was named after him, but he never served there. After 8 years of his Presidential rule, George Washington himself stepped down as he believed that a President should not rule for a very long time.
A few years after leaving the office, Washington caught a bad cold and throat infection and died on 14th December 1799.
In honor of George Washington, the Columbian College in the District of Columbia changed its name to George Washington University.
🔯George Washington Quotes:
1. If the freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.
2. Discipline is the soul of an army.
3. It is far better to be alone, than in bad company.
4. True friendship is a plant of slow growth.
5. It is better to offer no excuse than a bad one.
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Lt. Colonel R. N. Woodsend of the Royal Medical Corps described the scene: “It was a pathetic sight; the little fellow, carried by his keeper, lay moaning in pain, the man crying his eyes out in sympathy, ‘You must do something for him, he saved my life in Egypt. He nursed me through dysentery’. The baboon was badly wounded, the left leg hanging with shreds of muscle, another jagged wound in the right arm. We decided to give the patient chloroform and dress his wounds…It was a simple matter to amputate the leg with scissors and I cleaned the wounds and dressed them as well as I could. He came around as quickly as he went under. The problem then was what to do with him. This was soon settled by his keeper: ‘He is on army strength’. So, duly labelled, number, name, ATS injection, nature of injuries, etc. he was taken to the road and sent by a passing ambulance to the Casualty Clearing Station”.
No one was quite sure that the chloroform used for the operation, wouldn’t kill him. When the officer commanding the regiment went to the aid station to check on him Jackie sat up in bed, and saluted.
As the “War to End All Wars” drew to a close, Jackie was promoted to the rank of Corporal and given a medal, for bravery. He may be the only monkey in history, ever to be so honored.
The war ended that November. Jackie and Albert were shipped to England and soon became, media celebrities. The two were hugely successful raising money for the widows and orphans fund, where members of the public could shake Jackie’s hand for half a crown. A kiss on the baboon’s cheek, would cost you five shillings.
On his arm he wore a gold wound stripe and three blue service chevrons, one for each of his three years’ front line service.
Jackie was the center of attention on arriving home to South Africa when a parade was held, officially welcoming the Regiment home. On July 31, 1920, Jackie received the Pretoria Citizen’s Service Medal, at the Peace Parade in Church Square, Pretoria.
All thing must come to an end. The Marr family farm burned to the ground in May 1921. Jackie died in the fire. Albert Marr lived to the age of 84 and passed away, in 1973. There wasn’t a day in-between when the man didn’t miss his little battle buddy Jackie, the baboon who went to war.
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🔯 Nelson Mandela:
Early Life:
Nelson Mandela was a civil rights leader, who fought against apartheid, or racial discrimination against blacks, in South Africa.
Mandela was born on July 18 in South Africa in 1918. His name was Rolihlahla which meant trouble maker. When Mandela was nine years old, he was adopted by his father’s friend. A teacher gave him the name Nelson when he was a child. Mandela studied law and opened South Africa’s first black law firm.
Political Career:
Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) to fight against apartheid. At first, he wanted the ANC to follow Mohandas Gandhi’s non violent protest methods.
After the ANC was banned in 1960, he led a secret army called ‘Spear of the Nation.’ He traveled to other countries to ask for help. Later, he began to doubt the effectiveness of Gandhi’s methods. He wanted to bomb some buildings, but not hurt anyone. The government called him a terrorist and jailed him, in 1962. He spent 27 years in prison. There was an international campaign for his release. Other countries stopped trading and playing sports with South Africa.
Finally, Mandela was released from prison in 1990. His work paid off when all races were allowed to vote in the 1994 election for the first time. He won the election and became the first black President of South Africa. He retired in 1999. He died on 5 December 2013, after a lung illness.
Achievements:
He received the Peace Prize in 1993.
Mandela has received over 695 awards. This is the maximum number of awards anyone has ever got.
On his birthday, Nelson Mandela Day, people are asked to spend 67 minutes helping others. Why 67? He spent 67 years serving South Africa.
Nelson Mandela Quotes:
1. Education is the most powerful weapon that you can use to change the world.
2. Lead from the back- and let others believe they are in front.
3. It always seems impossible until it’s done.
4. There can be no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way in which it treats its children.
5. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it.
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♈️William Shakespeare:
Early Life of William Shakespeare:
William Shakespeare was a celebrated playwright, poet and actor. He was born in the city of Stratford-upon-Avon in England, in the year 1564.
Married Life:
In 1582, when Shakespeare was just 18 years old, he got married to Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than him. After that, there are no definite records of the next few years of his life. Historians often refer to these years of Shakespeare’s life as the ‘lost years.’
Career:
William began his career as a playwright in London in 1592. Soon he himself started acting and also became part-owner of a playwright company known as the ‘Lord Chamberlain’s Men.’ King James I renamed it as ‘The King’s Men.’ Many of Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the Globe Theatre.
Many of his plays were written in the latter half of his career. Shakespeare then underwent a series of ups and downs owing to the outbreak of the bubonic plague due to which the theatres had to be shut down. The Globe Theatre caught fire too. However, it was rebuilt again.
William retired and settled in Stratford, where he died in 1616.
William Shakespeare Plays:
1.Shakespeare wrote 37 plays in his lifetime. Some of his most famous works are Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Merchant of Venice and Julius Caesar.
2.To this day, Hamlet is probably his most quoted and reproduced tragedy. It is also Shakespeare’s longest play.
William Shakespeare Facts:
1.William Shakespeare did not attend college.
2.During Shakespeare’s time, women were not permitted to act in plays, so in all of his plays, the female characters were played by men.
3.Shakespeare had no interest in getting his plays published; he wanted them to be performed on stage instead.
4.Shakespeare is credited with introducing almost 3,000 words to the English language.
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Albert Einstein:
Early Childhood – A genius was born:
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, to a Jewish family. His father was an engineer and a salesman.
Einstein wasn’t a very bright student. He even had problems with his speech.
When he was five years old, Einstein saw a magnetic compass and marvelled at the needle that kept moving with an invisible force. At age 12, he found a book on geometry which he read over and over again.
Einstein wanted to pursue math and science . The problem was, he wasn’t very good at taking tests . However, he was always analytical .
In 1905, Einstein submitted a paper for his doctorate and also had four papers published in the best known physics journal at that time.He became a well known name in the academic world.
Being Jewish, Einstein knew he would have problems in Nazi Germany and so he migrated to the United States in 1933.
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity:
1.Albert Einstein was working as a patent clerk in Germany in 1905 when he developed his famous Theory of Relativity (E=mc2).
2.The theory simply states that the speed of light (constant, c) is the fastest speed in the universe and relates energy (E) and mass (M). It talks about how time and distance can change due to the different speeds of an object and its observer.
Albert Einstein’s Inventions:
Photons : He discovered that light is made up of small particles called photons and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
Bose-Einstein Condensate : Einstein discovered a state of matter with another scientist, Satyendra Bose. Today it is used in things like lasers.
Atomic Bomb : Not directly connected with inventing it, but his Theory of Relativity is connected with the invention of the atomic bomb.
Albert Einstein Facts:
1.Albert Einstein failed his first entrance exam for college.
2.He was offered the presidency of Israel.
Albert Einstein Quotes:
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”
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