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😈💬 Here are some synonyms for “evil”:
- nefarious
- fiendish
- malevolent
- depraved
- diabolic
#vocabulary
1. allow that = admit
2. allow of sg = permit, make it possible
3. allow for sg = take it into account
Sow = plant seeds
Sew = stitch
Reap = harvest; gather
Rip = tear
You *reap* what you *sow*: 🌽, 🍅, 🍋.
You *rip* what you *sew*: 👗, 👘, 👖.
⭕️ evenly
divided in an equal way
The profits will be split evenly between the three of us.
Government ministers are fairly evenly divided on this issue.
The prospects for the country are fairly evenly balanced between peaceful reform and revolution.
—
⭕️dominance
dominance
the fact of being more powerful, more important, or more noticeable than other people or things
ￚsee also dominate
dominance of
the continuing dominance of the army in Uganda
political/economic/cultural etc dominance
the economic and political dominance of Western countries
dominance over
television’s dominance over other media
Another Source
the fact or position of dominating; importance, power, or controlling influence:
Our dominance of the market is seriously threatened by this new product.
—
⭕️component
component
any of the parts that together make a whole machine or system: the components/component parts of a camera | Revenues from oil are the biggest single component in the country’s income.
companies that make electronic components for computer products
component of
each component of their work
key/major/important etc component
Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.
—
⭕️reinforce
reinforce
to add strength or support to; make stronger or firmer: to reinforce the elbows of a jacket with leather patches | Their arguments are strongly reinforced by the latest trade figures. | Newspapers like this tend to reinforce people’s prejudices.
Another Source
to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger
The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.
—
⭕️norms[plural]
norms
generally accepted standards of social behaviour
terrorists who violate the norms of civilized
society social/cultural etc norms
—
⭕️sought-after
sought-after
wanted or popular because of rarity or high quality:
He’s one of the world’s most sought-after singers.
much/highly sought-after
a much sought-after defense lawyer
By the mid-1920s, she had become one of Broadway’s most sought-after actresses.
—
⭕️visible adjective
visible
a lot of people notice them
always appearing in public, on television, in the papers, etc.:
highly visible politicians
—
⭕️sovereignty
sovereignty
complete freedom and power to govern
the sovereignty of Parliament
sovereignty over
Spain’s claim of sovereignty over the territory
Crush = (v.) destroy, force inwards by compressing; (n.) obsession 😍
Crash = (v.) collide 🚙💥🚗; (n.) accident, wreck; financial collapse 📉
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~~ 🔳 Present verb forms referring to the Past 🔳~~
We commonly use the present simple to refer to the past when we want to make events sound as if they are happening now.
For examples,
➖News headlines are commonly written in the present simple:
✳️Rebels ATTACK government buildings.
✳️German Finance minister RESIGNS.
➖In formal writing the present simple is also used to refer to important events in the past:
✳️In spring 1984 the government IS defeated and an election TAKES place. By the end of the year the strikes END.
➖We also use the present simple when we tell stories or jokes. It makes them sound more immediate:
✳️It’S seven o’clock in the evening and an old woman WALKS slowly out of her garden and towards the bus stop. The soldier WATCHES her and after a few minutes FOLLOWS her.
✳️ A man WALKS into a restaurant with a monkey on his shoulder. The monkey says, ‘I’d like soup please.’
➖We also use the present simple when we report what people say as part of a story:
✳️It was only eleven o’clock and my mum SAYS, ‘You’re late again.’ And I SAY, ‘No, I’m not.’ Then my dad STARTS to shout.
e.g.
EYE,or RACECAR, or MADAM I'M ADAM.
Here are a few good ones:
Was it Eliot's toilet I saw?
Murder for a jar of red rum.
Some men interpret nine memos.
Never odd or even.
Wishing very much that you had what someone else has; appearing jealous; appearing envious.
My new car made my neighbor green with envy.
Now, this will make you enter into an absolute nightmare world of no return..
Sometimes, I mean in some of the rare ones, it is hard to say!
it is a matter of interpretation whether an -ing form is a gerund or a present participle:
-Hunting tigers can be dangerous.
Hunting as a present participle functions as an adjective and describes tigers. The sentence means:
=Tigers that hunt can be dangerous.
If hunting is a gerund, 'tigers' is its object and the sentence means:
=To hunt tigers can be dangerous.
=It can be dangerous to hunt tigers.
Hello there,
In English, the ~ing form can be either a 'gerund' or 'present participle'
Although a gerund and a present participle are both in the -ing form, there are differences between them. A GERUND is a noun derived from the verb as in (read-reading; write- writing) AND this noun can behave as the following:
1-Noun as a subject
-Reading English is important.
2-noun as an object
-I like reading English.
3-As a complement of a sentence
-The most important thing is reading.
4-Noun as an object of preposition (as usual after preposition we add v~+ing)
- I use my glasses for reading
- He is fond of reading
- He is good at reading
5-As a complement of a prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs or prepositional verb)
- I am looking forward to reading this book.
- I am addicted to reading.
- Don't give up reading
Some Gerunds which apparently do not look to be doing the preceding functions as in:
- It's no use+ v~ing
- It is no good+ v~ing
-I can't help reading
Now, If you find a verb with -ing form in other places, it must be a 'present participle.'
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3. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL iBT Test 4th Edition
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5. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL iBT
6. Princeton - Cracking TOEFL iBT
7. Toefl - 150 TOEFL tests
8. TOEFL mini softwares
9. 155 TOEFL Essays
10. Developing Skills for the TOEFL iBT
11. TOEFL Exam Success.pdf
12. TOEFL Secret.pdf
13. Writing for TOEFL iBT_BOOK pdf.pdf
14. Idioms Organiser Rec.pdf
15. 400 Must-have Words for the TOEFL.pdf
16. Answers to all TOEFL Essay Questions.pdf
17. Toefl exam essentials.pdf
18. Vocabulary for Toefl iBT.pdf
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20. TOEFL Writing Topics (List).(.pdf).pdf
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Looking for “smart” #vocabulary words?
Try ACUTE, DISCERNING, ERUDITE, SAGACIOUS, PERSPICACIOUS, ASTUTE, and CANNY.
There are certain cases in which it is preferable to use "that" instead of "which" or "who". If the noun is preceded by one of the following, we use "that" instead of "which" or "who":
1-"all,"
2-"any(thing),"
3-"every(thing),"
4-"some(thing)"
5- "no(thing),"
"little," 6-
7-"few,"
8-"many,"
9-"much,"
10-"none,"
11-after the opening (it is.../is it.../it was)
12-after cardinals (first/second/third, etc.)
13-only
14-next
15-last
16- after superlative adjectives(best/easiest/coldest, etc.)
PAIN and ACHE
Both of these words are most commonly used as nouns. They refer to unpleasant sensations that you feel in your body, although they are slightly different feelings. A pain is usually used to refer to a kind of sharp discomfort that is difficult to ignore. For example:
►Yesterday I suddenly felt a lot of pain in my stomach. I was taken to hospital where they discovered I had appendicitis.
♞ Ache is similar to pain, but it usually is used to refer to a duller kind of discomfort that may continue for longer than a pain might. Common examples are:
headache, stomach ache, backache and heartache
♞ Note that heartache is used to refer to a kind of emotional pain, for example if you are in love with someone and they are not treating you well you can say:
► He is causing me a lot of heartache.
♞ Less commonly, both pain and ache can be used as verbs. Pain in this form means to cause someone unhappiness. Note that you cannot use pain in the progressive or continuous form in standard UK or US English.
► It pains me to think of you being so unhappy with your life – meaning it makes me feel unhappy that you are so sad.
♞ You can also use ache as a verb. Unlike pain, ache can be used in the progressive form. For example:
►My back is really aching.
► I wish my leg would stop hurting, it really aches.
Insight = deep understanding 🤔💬
In sight = visible 👀
Incite = rouse, stir up 😡💢
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Your boss has a bigger vocabulary than you have. That's one good reason why he's your boss.
This discovery has been made in the word laboratories of the world Not by theoretical English professors, but by practical, hard-headed scientists who have been searching for the secrets of success.
After a host of experiments and years of testing they have found out:
That if your vocabulary is limited your chances of success are limited.
That one of the easiest and quickest ways to get ahead is by consciously building up your knowledge of words.
That the vocabulary of the average person almost stops growing by the middle twenties.
And that from then on it is necessary to have an intelligent plan if progress is to be made. No hit-or-miss methods will do.
[Look vs see ]
►We don’t use 'look' with if or whether. We use 'see' instead:
1-Can you look if there are any spoons in the cupboard? [X]
2-Can you see if there are any spoons in the cupboard? [✔️]
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In short, What is the 'present participle.'? The present participle has the following functions:
(a) as a main verb form in ALL continuous tenses.
-I am reading a book.
-I have been reading a book for hours.
-I was reading a book.
-I had been reading a book yesterday. Since morning
-I shall be reading a book. Future continuous.
-I shall have been reading this book tomorrow for an hour.
(b) as an Adjective
- That's an amazing book.
(c) as an Adverb (sometimes introductory adverbial sentences or dangling participles or hanging modifiers or participles) a dangling participle comes at the beginning of a sentence and it can be used instead of a phrase starting "as, since, because," and it explains the cause or reason for an action:
- Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge.
=(Because he felt hungry)
- Walking in the grass, I was bitten by a snake
(d) as a Preposition.
Words such as 'regarding, concerning, excepting' that function as prepositions
- He does not read any book excepting English grammar.
- I know almost nothing regarding his character.
(e) as a Conjunction(rarely)
Considering that it was snowing, I gave up my idea of outing.
You can also find it in the pattern :
verb + object + present participle
I saw him playing football.
expressions with go:
to go shopping
to go fishing
to go walking
to go swimming
to go running
etc...
One more last thing I might add, a Present participle sometimes acts like ' a relative clause'
Who is the boy sitting next to you?
Who is the boy (that sits) next to you ?
(defining relative clause)
Written By: EnglishTipsandTools
☀️☀️'in case' and 'if'☀️☀️
We use 'in case' and 'if' to talk about precaution but
'in case' has the sense of something 'might' happen later.
'if' has the sense of something has already happened. How is that? Let me put these words into action.
-Give this to her in case she cries.
means Give this to her because she might cry later.
-Give this to her if she cries.
means I will wait and see if she cries, I'll give her this. If she doesn't cry,I won't give her anything.
—------------------
HOWEVER,
other times it doesn't work to use 'in case' and 'if' interchangeably.
-Take an umbrella in case it rains.✓
-I'll open an umbrella if it rains.✗