179592
UPSC Notes
Bengaluru, Karnataka, a major technology and manufacturing hub of India, where the high-speed bullet train manufacturing plant ‘Aditya’ has been established by BEML, marking a significant step towards indigenous high-speed rail production in the country
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India’s first women-led FTA was signed with New Zealand, marking a major milestone in inclusive trade policy. The agreement boosts exports by removing tariffs on Indian goods while ensuring sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy remain protected.
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UPPCS 2024 TOPPER PRADEEP GAUR
POST :: WORK OFFICER
Rank 23 Roll number 0212126
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> *Gram Nyayalayas:*
✍️ Gram Nyayalayas, or *village courts,* are established under the *Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008,* for *speedy and easy access* to the justice system in the *rural areas of India.*
✍️ The Act extends to the whole of India, except to the _*States of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim and the tribal areas specified in the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India.*_
✍️ Gram Nyayalayas is aimed at _*providing inexpensive justice to people in rural areas at their doorsteps.*_
✍️ The State governments have been vested with the *authority of setting up one or more nyayalayas* , after proper consultation with the respective *High Court,* in every Panchayat at the *intermediate level or group of adjacent Panchayats* at the _*intermediate level of a district.*_
The *Lok Sabha defeated the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026, aimed at advancing the 33% women's reservation without waiting for the mandated delimitation exercise.*
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The natural environment or natural world encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished as components:
Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without massive civilized human intervention, including all vegetation, microorganisms, soile, rocks, the atmosphere, and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries and their nature.
Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric chary, and magnetism, not originating from civilized human actions.
The National Archives of India digitizing and making public over 20 crore documents on a dedicated portal. This massive effort helps preserve the country’s rich historical records while making them easily accessible to citizens, researchers, and scholars across the world.
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*🛡️Vikramshila University*
♟️Vikramshila University (also called Vikramashila Mahavihara) was one of the most important centers of Buddhist learning in ancient India, alongside Nalanda and Odantapuri.
*💎1. Historical Background*
*♟️Founded by:-* King Dharampala of the Pala Dynasty
*♟️Period:-* Around late 8th or early 9th century CE
*♟️Location:-* Present-day Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India
*♟️Purpose:-* Established to improve the quality of Buddhist education and to counter the decline in Nalanda’s academic standards.
*💎2. Academic Reputation*
♟️Known for Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana) studies.
♟️Specialized in philosophy, logic, grammar, metaphysics, and Buddhist rituals.
♟️Attracted scholars from Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and Southeast Asia.
*💎3. Structure & Organization*
♟️Spread over a large campus with more than 100 rooms for monks.
♟️Had a central stupa, surrounded by a large square monastery.
♟️Six gates, each guarded by scholar-monks.
♟️At its peak, housed about 1,000 monks and 100 teachers.
*💎4. Famous Scholars*
♟️Atīśa Dīpaṅkara Śrījñāna – a great Buddhist scholar who later traveled to Tibet and revitalized Buddhism there.
♟️Ratnākaraśānti – renowned philosopher and poet.
♟️Naropa – Indian Buddhist master, teacher of Tibetan translator Marpa.
*💎5. Decline*
♟️Destroyed around 1193 CE by Bakhtiyar Khilji during the Muslim invasions, the same period Nalanda was also destroyed.
♟️The ruins were buried under earth for centuries until rediscovery in the late 19th century.
*💎6. Present Status*
♟️Excavated remains are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
♟️You can still see the monastery layout, stupa base, and ornamental brickwork.
♟️Plans have been proposed to revive Vikramshila as a modern university.
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*🛡️Kalamkari Paintings*
♟️The name comes from kalam, i.e. a pen, which is used to paint these exquisite paintings.
♟️The pen used is made of sharp pointed bamboo, used to regulate the flow of colours. The base is cotton fabric while the colours used are vegetable dyes.
♟️The pen is soaked in a mixture of fermented jaggery and water; one by one these are applied and thereafter, the vegetable dyes are applied
♟️The main centers for this art are Srikalahasti and Machilipatnam in the
State of Andhra Pradesh.
♟️The images are drawn free hand and the inspiration comes from Hindu mythology.
♟️Textiles with handwork are also produced here. Kalamkari painting had its existence even during Vijayanagara empire
♟️It has received GI status.
🛡️ *Government Securities (G-Sec)*
♟️A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
♟️A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
*💎Kinds*
♟️ *Short* Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
♟️ *Long* Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
💎 *Issuer*
♟️Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
♟️State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
♟️G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
♟️ *Issue Mechanism* The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.