179592
UPSC Notes
*🛡️Hydrogels*
♟️Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of water-soluble polymers that can absorb and retain a large amount of water without losing their structural integrity.
♟️They are super-soft and transparent materials that can shrink or swell when exposed to water.
♟️Hydrogels are made by crosslinking polymer chains through chemical reactions.
♟️Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA):
This was the first hydrogel material used in contact lenses, offering flexibility and comfort.
♟️Silicone Hydrogel Lenses:
These are a variation of hydrogel lenses that improve oxygen permeability, allowing for extended wear and increased comfort.
♟️Modified Hydrogels:
These are hydrogels that have been modified to enhance their properties, such as increasing water content and oxygen permeability.
*🛡️Tropical Mansoon Climate*
*💎Distribution*
♟️Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.
♟️These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.
♟️Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.
*💎Climatic Conditions*
♟️In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.
♟️A low pressure is set up in Central asia.
♟️At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.
♟️Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.
*💎Seasons Of Tropical Mansoon Climate*
♟️Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )
♟️Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )
♟️Rainy season ( mid - june to September)
*🛡️Sangam Literature*
♟️The earliest literature of South India is represented by group of texts in old Tamil, often collectively referred to as Sangam literature.
♟️A tradition recorded in post-7th century texts speaks of three Sangams or literary gatherings in ancient times.
♟️The first is supposed to held in Madurai for 4,440 years, the second at Kapatapuram for 3,700 years, and the third in Madurai for 1,850 years.
♟️The Sangam corpus includes six of the eight anthologies of poems included in the Ettutokai (The Eight Collections), and nine of the ten pattus (songs) of the Pattuppattu (The Ten Songs).
♟️The style and certain historical references in the poems suggest that they were composed between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE. They were compiled into anthologies in about the mid-8th century.
♟️These anthologies were collected into the super-anthologies (i.e., anthologies of anthologies) called the Ettutokai and the Pattuppattu.
*🛡️Kalamkari Paintings*
♟️The name comes from kalam, i.e. a pen, which is used to paint these exquisite paintings.
♟️The pen used is made of sharp pointed bamboo, used to regulate the flow of colours. The base is cotton fabric while the colours used are vegetable dyes.
♟️The pen is soaked in a mixture of fermented jaggery and water; one by one these are applied and thereafter, the vegetable dyes are applied
♟️The main centers for this art are Srikalahasti and Machilipatnam in the
State of Andhra Pradesh.
♟️The images are drawn free hand and the inspiration comes from Hindu mythology.
♟️Textiles with handwork are also produced here. Kalamkari painting had its existence even during Vijayanagara empire
♟️It has received GI status.
*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology*
♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.
*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.
*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.
*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes*
♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata
♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru
♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal
♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi
♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata
♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur
♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat
♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore
♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi
♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly.
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🛡️ *AD HOC JUDGE*
♟️When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of India can appoint a judge of a High Court as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.
♟️He can do so only after consultation with the chief justice of the High Court concerned and with the previous consent of the president.
♟️The judge so appointed should be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.
♟️It is the duty of the judge so appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, in priority to other duties of his office. While so attending, he enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges (and discharges the duties) of a judge of the Supreme Court.
*🛡️Trick to Remember ASEAN Countries :*
Those who pass MBBS watch PTV and buy LIC policy.
*💎Tricks:-* MBBS PTV LIC
♟️M- Malaysia
♟️B- Brunei
♟️B- Burma
♟️S- Singapore
♟️P- Phillipines
♟️T- Thailand
♟️V- Vietnam
♟️L- Laos
♟️I- Indonesia
♟️C- Cambodia
⭐Total= 10 countries
*🛡️Quit India Movement*
♟️The Quit India Movement also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.
♟️The Cripps Mission had failed, and Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech, followed by the launch of a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called “An Orderly British Withdrawal” from India.
♟️Almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi’s speech.
💎 *Extent of Mass Participation*
♟️The participation was on many levels.
♟️Youth, especially the students of schools and colleges, remained in the forefront.
♟️Women, especially school and college girls, actively participated, and included Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta.
♟️Workers went on strikes and faced repression.
♟️Peasants of all strata were at the heart of the movement. Even some zamindars participated. These peasants concentrated their offensive on symbols of authority and there was complete absence of anti-zamindar violence.
♟️Government officials, especially those belonging to lower levels in police and administration, participated resulting in erosion of government loyalty.
♟️Muslims helped by giving shelter to underground activists. There were no communal clashes during the movement.
♟️The Communists did not join the movement; in the wake of Russia (where the communists were in power) being attacked by Nazi Germany, the communists began to support the British war against Germany and the ‘Imperialist War’ became the ‘People’s War’
♟️The Muslim League opposed the movement, fearing that if the British left India at that time, the minorities would be oppressed by the Hindus.
♟️The Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement.
♟️The Princely states showed a low-key response.
💎 *Lack of Unity*
♟️The British had the support of the Viceroy’s Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian Civil Service.
♟️Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did NOT support the Quit India Movement.
💎 *Result*
♟️Due to various reasons including effective arrests (over 100,000 arrests were made) by the British and lack of unity, the Quit India campaign was effectively crushed.
♟️Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers.
♟️The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands.
♟️The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war had ended.
*🛡️Mahi River*
♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km.
♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.
♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India.
♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.
♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km.
♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.
♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area
♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam.
♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin.
♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.
*🛡️Tricks to remember important Vanilla Countries in Indian Ocean*
*💎Trick:- MalSy Gone Mad at MauRya*
*♟️Mal = Mayotte*
*♟️Sy = Seychelles*
*♟️Gone = cone =Comoros*
*♟️Mad = Madagascar*
*♟️Mau = Mauritius*
*♟️Rya = Reunion island*
*♟️Maldives is no more member of Vanilla Islands.*
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*10 Key Constitutional Amendments*
1. *1st Amendment Act, 1951*
• Restricted freedom of speech (Art. 19)
• Enabled land reforms, added 9th Schedule
2. *42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Mini-Constitution)*
• Added “Socialist, Secular” to Preamble
• Curtailed judicial review, strengthened Centre
• During The Emergency
3. *44th Amendment Act, 1978*
• Reversed excesses of 42nd Amendment
• Restored Fundamental Rights protection
• Made Right to Property a legal (not fundamental) right
4. *52nd Amendment Act, 1985*
• Introduced Anti-Defection Law
• Added 10th Schedule
5. *61st Amendment Act, 1988*
• Reduced voting age from 21 → 18
6. *73rd & 74th Amendments, 1992*
• Gave constitutional status to Panchayats & Municipalities
• Strengthened local self-government
• Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s vision
7. *86th Amendment Act, 2002*
• Made Right to Education (6–14 years) a Fundamental Right (Art. 21A)
8. *99th Amendment Act, 2014*
• Created NJAC for judicial appointments
• Struck down by SC (violated Basic Structure)
9. *101st Amendment Act, 2016*
• Introduced GST (Goods & Services Tax)
• Created “One Nation, One Tax”
10. *103rd Amendment Act, 2019*
• Introduced 10% EWS reservation
• Based on economic criteria